Best Practices for the Conduct of Animal Studies to Evaluate Crops Genetically Modified for Output Traits

Hartnell GF, Cromwell GL, Dana GR, Lewis AJ, Baker DH, Bedford MR, Klasing KC, Owens FN, Wiseman J
January 1, 2007

Download

Task Force #5

The rationale for the current project was to provide a platform for the scientific evaluation of crops containing output traits when fed to animals and to promote international harmonization of methods. In addition, the document is intended to provide direction to: 1) a person interested in assessing the scope of studies that should be considered for the evaluation of of animal performance for a particular trait, or 2) a person who wants to evaluate a particular crop containing a nutrient output trait when targeted to a particular species. This document aims to 1) recommend scientifically sound guidelines for the production, harvest, sampling, and analysis of GM crops containing “output” traits (i.e., enhanced protein or amino acids, lipid or fatty acids, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins and antioxidants, enzymes, and reduced anti-nutrients); 2) describe the potential advantages of modifying specific output traits in plants; 3) provide a systematic approach to determine what studies should be considered; and 4) provide guidance on the experimental design, conduct, and analysis of poultry, livestock and aquaculture experiments using these crops and their coproducts. The safety of GM crops and the products derived from animals fed GM crops are reviewed elsewhere. This publication should be a valuable reference for animal, poultry, and aquaculture scientists worldwide in academia, industry, and government who desire to conduct bioavailability, performance, processing, and animal-derived food product studies with nutrientenhanced crops and their coproducts.

To download this report, click here.

References

Chapter 1: Introduction

ADSF (2002) Rapport sur la science et la technologies n Åã 13. Academie des sciences Francaise, Paris, France [accessed 2003 Oct 31]. Available from: LINK
Ausich RL (1997) Commercial opportunities for carotenoid production by biotechnology. Pure Appl Chem. 69:2169–2173. LINK
Baah J, Scott TA, Kawchuk LM, Armstrong JD, Selinger LB, Cheng KJ, McAllister TA (2002) Feeding value in broiler chicken diets of a potato expressing a β-glucanase gene from Fibrobacter succinogenes. Can J Anim Sci. 82:111–113. LINK
Drexler H, Spiekermann P, Meyer A, Domergue F, Zank T, Sperling P, Abbadi A, Heinz E (2003) Metabolic engineering of fatty acids for breeding of new oilseed crops: Strategies, problems, and first results. J Plant Physiol. 160:779–802. LINK
EFSA (2004) Guidance document of the scientific panel on genetically modified organisms for the risk assessment of genetically modified plants and derived food and feed. EFSA J. 99:1–93. LINK
FAO/WHO (1991) Strategies for assessing the safety of foods produced by biotechnology. Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Consultation. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. LINK
FAO/WHO (1996) Biotechnology and food safety. Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Consultation. FAO Food and Nutrition Paper 61. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. LINK
FAO/WHO (2000) Safety aspects of genetically modified foods of plant origin. Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Consultation. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. LINK
Fedoroff NV (2003) Prehistoric GM corn. Science 302:1158–1159. LINK
Flachowsky G, Aulrich K (2001) Nutritional assessment of GMO in animal nutrition. J Anim Feed Sci. 10(Suppl. 1):181–194. LINK
Flachowsky G, Bohme H (2005) Proposals for nutritional assessments of feeds from genetically modified plants. J Anima Feed Sci. 14(Suppl. 1):49–70.
Flachowsky G, Chesson A, Aulrich K (2005) Animal nutrition with feeds from genetically modified plants. Arch Anim Nutr. 59(1):1–40. LINK
Guo D, Chen F, Inoue K, Blount JW, Dixon RA (2001) Downregulation of caffeic acid 3-Omethyltransferase and caffeoyl COA 3-Omethyltransferase in transgenic alfalfa: Impacts on lignin structure and implications of the biosynthesis of G and S lignin. Plant Cell. 13:73–88. Halpin C, Foxon GA, Fentem PA (1995) Transgenic plants with improved energy characteristics. In Wallace RJ, Chesson A (eds): Biotechnology in Animal Feeds and Animal Feeding. VCH Publishers, New York, pp. 279–293.
Hartnell GF (2004) GM Crops–Shock Maker or Shock Breaker. Proceedings of the Australasian Milling Conference–Biennial Conference of the Flour Millers’ Council of Australia and the Stock Feed Manufacturers’ Council Of Australia, March 23–24, 2004, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 41–48.
Hartnell GF, Hatfield RD, Mertens DR, Martin NP (2005) Potential benefits of plant modification of alfalfa and corn silage to dairy diets. Proceedings of the 20th Annual Southwest Nutrition and Management Conference, Tempe, AZ, p. 156–172.
Hatfield RD, Weimer PJ (1995) Degradation characteristics of isolated and in situ cell wall lucerne pectic polysaccharides by mixed ruminal microbes. J Sci Food Agric. 69:185–196. LINK
ILSI (2003) Best practices for the conduct of animal studies to evaluate crops genetically modified for input traits. International Life Sciences Institute, Washington DC. Available from: LINK
ILSI (2004) Nutritional and safety assessments of foods and feeds nutritionally improved through biotechnology. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Safety. 3:36–104. Available from: LINK
James C (2006) Global status of commercialized biotech/GM crops: 2006. ISAAA Brief No. 35- 2006. International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications: Ithaca, NY [accessed 2007 Jan]. Available from: LINK
Molvig L, Tabe LM, Eggum BO, Moore AE, Craig S, Spencer D, Higgins TJV (1997) Enhanced methionine levels and increased nutritive value of seeds of transgenic lupins (Lupinus angustifolius L.) expressing a sunflower seed albumin gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 94:8393–8398. LINK
OECD (1993) Safety Evaluation of Foods Derived by Modern Technology: Concepts and Principles. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, France. LINK
OECD (2003) Considerations for the safety assessment of animal feedstuffs derived from genetically modified plants. In Series on the Safety of Novel Foods and Feeds No. 9. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, France. LINK
Owens F, Soderlund S (2000) Specialty Grains for Ruminants. Proceedings of the 61th Minnesota Nutrition Conference & Minnesota Soybean Research and Promotion Council Technical Symposium, September 19–20, 2000, Bloomington, MN, pp. 98–113.2149.
Owens F, Soderlund S, Hinds M (2002) Developing new specialty grains for ruminants. Proceedings of the 13th Annual Florida Ruminant Nutrition Symposium, pp. 48–70.
Parsons CM, Zhang Y, Araba M (2000) Nutritional evaluation of soybean meals varying in oligosaccharide content. Poultry Sci. 79:1127–1131. LINK
Ravindran V, Tabe LM, Molvig L, Higgins TJV, Bryden WL (2002) Nutritional evaluation of transgenic high-methionine lupins (Lupinus angustifolius) with broiler chickens. J Sci Food Agri. 82:280–285. LINK
Sauber T (2000) Performance of Soybean Meals Produced From Genetically Enhanced Soybeans. Proceedings of the 61th Minnesota Nutrition Conference & Minnesota Soybean Research and Promotion Council Technical Symposium, September 19–20, 2000, Bloomington, MN, pp. 44–51.
SOT (2003) The Safety of Genetically Modified Foods Produced Through Biotechnology. Report of the Society of Toxicology. Toxicol Sci. 71:2–8. Spencer D, White CL, Higgins TJV (2000) Benefits and risks of genetic modification of animal feeds. Proc Nutr Soc of Australia. 24:1–11.
Taylor ML, George B, Hyun Y, Nemeth MA, Karunanandaa K, Lohrmann TT, Hartnell GF (2004) Broiler performance and carcass parameters of broiler fed diets containing lysine maize. Poult Sci. 83(Suppl. 1):315. Abstract W10. LINK
Temple E (2004) Additives and genetic engineering in agriculture: Do these modifications make products less healthy for human consumption? [accessed 22 Aug 2005]. Available from: http://oregonstate. edu/~templee/additives_in_aquaculture.html.
US FDA (1992) Statement of Policy: Foods Derived from New Plant Varieties: Notice, Federal Register 57:104. US Food and Drug Administration, Washington, DC, pp. 22984–23005.
VICH GL9 (GCP) (2000) Good Clinical Practice. Available from: LINK.
White CL, Tabe LM, Dove H, Hamblin J, Young P, Phillips N, Taylor R, Gulati S, Ashes J, Higgins TJV (2001) Increased efficiency of wool growth and live weight gain in Merino sheep fed transgenic lupin seed containing sunflower albumin. J Sci Food Agric. 81:147–154. 3.0.CO;2-E/abstract;jsessionid=0533B36958EC01115232D0DEF8F2D42F.d01t04?userIsAuthenticated=false&deniedAccessCustomisedMessage=”LINK
Xie DY, Sharma SB, Paiva NL, Ferreira D, Nixon RA (2003) Role of anthocyanidin reductase, encoded by BANYULS in plant flavonoid biosynthesis. Science. 299:396–399. LINK
Zhang ZB, Kornegay ET, Radcliffe JS, Denbow DM, Veit HP, Larson CT (2000a) Comparison of genetically engineered microbial and plant phytase for young broilers. Poult Sci. 79:709–717. LINK
Zhang ZB, Kornegay ET, Radcliffe JS, Wilson JH, Veit HP (2000b) Comparison of genetically engineered microbial and plant phytase for young pigs. J Anim Sci. 78:2868–2878. LINK

Chapter 2: Production, Handling, Storage, and Processing of Crops

ILSI (2003) Best practices for the conduct of animal studies to evaluate crops genetically modified for input traits. International Life Sciences Institute, Washington, DC. LINK
US EPA (1999) Isolation Standards per 7 CFR 201.76: for regulated GM crops. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.

Chapter 3: Sampling and Analysis of Harvested and Processed Crop Material

AOAC International (2000) AOAC Official Methods of Analysis, 17th ed. AOAC International, Gaithersburg, MD. LINK
Barnhart SK (2004) Forage Sampling and Sampling Equipment [accessed 2007 May 31]. Iowa State University, Ames, IA. Available from: LINK.
Bell B (1997) Forage and feed analysis. Ontario Ministry of Food and Agriculture [Cited 2003 Feb 27]. Available from: LINK.
CAST (2003) Mycotoxins: risks in plant, animal, and human systems. Council for Agricultural Science and Technology, Ames, IA. LINK
Dalley DE, Roche JR, Grainger C, Moate PJ (1999) Dry matter intake, nutrient selection and milk production of dairy cows grazing rainfed perennial pastures at different herbage allowances in spring. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture. 39:923–931. LINK
Dalley DE, Roche JR, Moate PJ, Grainger C (2001) More frequent allocation of herbage does not improve the milk production of dairy cows in early lactation. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture. 41:593–599. LINK
Davies A, Baker RD, Grant S, Laidlaw AS (eds) (1993) Sward measurement handbook. 2nd ed. The British Grassland Society, Reading, UK.
Dillon PG, Crosse S, Roche JR (1998) The effect of grazing intensity in late summer/early autumn on sward characteristics and milk production of spring calving dairy cows. Irish Journal of Agricultural and Food Research. 37:1–15. LINK
Herman T (2001) Sampling: Procedures for Feed. MF2036 Feed Manufacturing. Available from: LINK.
ILSI (2003) Best practices for the conduct of animal studies to evaluate crops genetically modified for input traits, International Life Sciences Institute, Washington, DC. LINK
Lipp M, Shillito R, Giroux R, Spiegelhalter F, Charlton S, Pinero D, Song P (2005) Polymerase chain reaction technology as analytical tool in agricultural biotechnology. J AOAC Internatl. 88:136–154. LINK
OECD (2002) Environment, Health and Safety Publications. Series on the Safety of Novel Foods and Feeds, No 6. Consensus document on compositional considerations for new varieties of maize (Zea mays): key food and feed nutrients, anti-nutrients and secondary plant metabolites. ENV/JM/MONO(2002)25. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, France. LINK
OECD (2001) Environment, Health and Safety Publications. Series on the Safety of Novel Foods and Feeds, No 2. Consensus document on compositional considerations for new varieties of soybean: key food and feed anti – nutrients. ENV/ JM/MONO(2001)5. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, France. LINK
Pfost HB (1976) Feed manufacturing technology. American Feed Manufacturers Association, Arlington, VA.
Potter B (2000) The fine art of forage sampling. Ontario Ministry of Food and Agriculture [cited 2003 Feb 13]. Available from: LINK
Reen DJ (1994) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Methods Mol Biol. 32:461–466. LINK
Roche JR (1995) The effect of closing date in Autumn and turnout date in spring on sward characteristics, dry matter output and milk performance of spring calving dairy cows in early lactation. Masters Dissertation, National University of Ireland.
Roche JR, Kay JK, Kolver ES (2005) Influence of precalving feed allowance on periparturient metabolic and hormonal responses and milk production in grazing dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 88:677–689. LINK
Sambrook J, Fritsch EF, Maniatis T (1989) Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual, 2nd ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York, NY.
Schneider JW, Sedivec K (1993) Sampling feed for analysis. North Dakota State University. NDSU Extension Services AS-1064, September 1993. Available from: LINK.
Sniffen CJ, O’Connor JD, Van Soest PJ, Fox DG, Russell JB (1992) A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets: II. Carbohydrate and protein availability. J Anim Sci. 70:3562–3577. LINK
Tijssen P (1985) Processing of data and reporting of results of enzyme immunoassays. In: Practice and theory of enzyme immunoassays. Laboratory techniques in biochemistry and molecular biology, V. 15, Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp 385–421.
Trotter DJ, Johnson KD (2007) Forage Testing: Why, How, and Where. Forage Information System website [accessed 2007 May 31 2007]. Available from: LINK.
USDA (2001) Grain Sampling Procedures. Available from: LINK
Vazques RI, Prieto D, De la Riva GA, Selman-Housein G (1996) Development of an immunoradiometric assay for quantitative determination of Cry 1A(b) protein in transgenic sugarcane plants. J Immunol Methods. 196:33–39. LINK

Chapter 4: Proteins and Amino Acids

AOAC (2003) Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 17th ed. AOAC International, Gaithersburg, MD. LINK
Brim CA, Burton JW (1979) Recurrent selection in soybeans. II. Selection for increased percent protein in seeds. Crop Sci. 19:494–498. LINK
Chen DW (2001) Environmental challenges of animal agriculture and the role and task of animal nutrition in environmental protection–Review. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci. 14:423–431. LINK
Clarke EJ, Wiseman J (2000) Developments in plant breeding for improved nutritional quality of soya beans I. Protein and amino acid content. J Agric Sci. 134:111–124. LINK
Galili G, Galili S, Lewinsohn E, Tadmor Y (2002) Genetic, molecular, and genomic approaches to improve the value of plant foods and feeds. Crit Rev Plant Sci. 21:167–204. LINK
Galili G, Hofgen R (2002) Metabolic engineering of amino acids and storage proteins in plants. Metab Eng. 4:3–11. LINK
Higgins TJV (1984) Synthesis and regulation of major proteins in seeds. Annu Rev Plant Physiol. 35:191– 221. LINK
Lai J, Messing J (2002) Increasing maize seed methionine by mRNA stability. Plant J. 30:395–402. LINK
Mallin MA, Cahoon LB (2003) Industrialized animal production – A major source of nutrient and microbial pollution to aquatic ecosystems. Popul Environ. 24:369–385. LINK
Mandal S, Mandal RK (2000) Seed storage proteins and approaches for improvement of their nutritional quality by genetic engineering. Curr Sci. 79:576–589.
Mazur B, Krebbers E, Tingey S (1999) Gene discovery and product development for grain quality traits. Science. 285:372–375. LINK
McNabb WC, Spencer D, Higgins TJV, Barry TN (1994) In vitro rates of rumen proteolysis of ribulose-1,5- biphosphate carboxylase (rubisco) from lucerne leaves, and of ovalbumin, vicilin and sunflower albumin 8 storage proteins. J Sci Food Agric. 64:533–61. LINK
Mertz ET, Bates LS, Nelson OE (1964) Mutant gene that changes protein composition and increases lysine content of maize endosperm. Science. 145:279– 280. LINK
Munck L, Karlsson KE, Hagberg A, Eggum BO (1970) Gene for improved nutritional value in barley seed protein. Science. 168:985–987. LINK
Nelson OE, Mertz ET, Bates LS (1965) Second mutant gene affecting the amino acid pattern of maize endosperm proteins. Science. 150:1469–1470. LINK
NRC (National Research Council) (1988) Quality protein maize. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
NRC (National Research Council) (1993) Nutrient Requirements of Fish. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. LINK
NRC (National Research Council) (1994) Nutrient Requirements of Poultry, 9th ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. LINK
NRC (National Research Council) (1998) Nutrient Requirements of Swine, 10th ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. LINK
Segal G, Song RT, Messing J (2003) A new opaque variant of maize by a single dominant RNA-interferenceinducing transgene. Genetics. 165:387–397. LINK
Singh, R, Axtell JD (1973) High lysine mutant gene (hl) that improves protein quality and biological value of grain sorghum. Crop Sci. 13:535–539. LINK
Sun SSM, Liu Q (2004) Transgenic approaches to improve the nutritional quality of plant proteins. In Vitro Cell & Dev Biol Plant. 40:155–162. LINK
Tabe LM, Wardley-Richardson T, Ceriotti A, Aryan A, McNabb W, Moore A, Higgins TJV (1995) A biotechnological approach to improving the nutritive value of alfalfa. J Anim Sci. 73:2752–2759. LINK

Chapter 5: Carbohydrates

Akay V, Jackson Jr. JA (2001) Effects of Nutridense and waxy corn hybrids on the rumen fermentation, digestibility, and lactational performance of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 84:1698–1706. LINK
Aman P, Graham H (1990) Chemical evaluation of polysaccharides in animal feeds. In Wiseman J and Cole DJA (eds): Feedstuff Evaluation. Butterworths, London, pp. 161–178.
Anderson PC (1998) Crop biotechnology for feed improvement. In Wiseman J, Varley MA, Chadwick JP (eds): Progress in Pig Science. Proceedings of the 58th Easter School in Agricultural Sciences. Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, UK, pp. 265–277.
AOAC (1984) Official Methods of Analysis, 14th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA.
Asp N-G, Johansson A-G, Hallmer H, Siljestrom M (1983) Rapid enzymatic assay of insoluble and soluble dietary fiber. J Agric Food Chem. 31:476. LINK
Barriere Y, Argillier O (1993) Brown midrib genes of maize: A review. Agronomie. 13:865–876. LINK
Butler GW, Bailey RW (1973) Chemistry and Biochemistry of Herbage. Academic Press, New York.
Camp LK, Southern LL, Bidner TD (2003) Effect of carbohydrate source on growth performance, carcass traits, and meat quality of growing-finishing pigs. J Anim Sci. 81:2488–2495. LINK
Cromwell GL (2000) Utilization of Soy Products in Swine Diets. In Drackley JK (ed): Soy in Animal Nutrition. Federation of Animal Science Societies, Savoy, IL, pp. 258–282.
Cromwell GL (2001) Antimicrobial and Promicrobial Agents. In Lewis AJ, Southern LL (eds): Swine Nutrition, 2nd ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 401–426. LINK
Dreher M (1999) Food sources and uses of dietary fiber. In Cho SS, Prosky L, Dreher M (eds): Complex Carbohydrates in Foods. Marcel Dekker, New York, p. 327.
Grieshop CM, Reese DE, Fahey, GC Jr (2001) Nonstarch polysaccharides and oligosaccharides in swine nutrition. In Lewis AJ, Southern LL (eds): Swine Nutrition. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, p. 107. LINK
Hartnell GF (2000) Benefits of biotech crops for livestock feed. Proc. Maize Nutrition Conf. Cornell University, Ithaca NY, pp. 46–56.
Hartnell GF (2004) GM Crops – Shock Maker or Shock Breaker. Proceedings of the Austalasian Milling Conference – Biennial Conference of the Flour Millers’ Council of Australia and the Stock Feed Manufacturers’ Council Of Australia, March 23– 24, 2004, Melbourne, Australia.
Hartnell GF, Hatfield RD, Mertens DR, Martin NP (2005) Potential benefits of plant modification of alfalfa and corn silage to dairy diets. Proceedings of the 20th Annual Southwest Nutrition and Management Conference, Tempe, AZ, pp. 156–172.
Hartley RD, Jones EC (1977) Phenolic compounds and degradability of cell walls of grass and legume species. Phytochem. 16:1531. LINK
ILSI (2003) Best Practices for the Conduct of Animal Studies to Evaluate Crops Genetically Modified for Input Traits. International Life Sciences Institute, Washington, DC. LINK
Jeraci JL, Lewis BA, Van Soest PJ, Robertson JB (1989) Urea enzymatic dialysis procedure for determination of total dietary fiber. J Assoc Off Anal Chem. 72:677–681. LINK
Lee SC, Vincent R, Prosky L, Sullivan DM (1996) Evaluating an analytical method for complex carbohydrate determinations. Cereal Foods World, 41:64–70.
Leske KL, Zhang B, Coon CN (1995) The use of low alpha-glucoside protein products as a protein source in chick diets. Anim Feed Sci Techn. 54:275–286.
Mertens DR (1992) Critical conditions in determining detergent fiber. Proceedings of the NFTA Forage Analysis Workshop. Denver, CO, pp C1–C8.
Mertens DR (1997) Creating a system for meeting the fiber requirements of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 80:1463–1481. LINK
Mertens DR (2002) Gravimetric determination of amylase-treated neutral detergent fiber in feeds with refluxing in beakers or crucibles: collaborative study. J AOAC Int. 85:1217–1240. LINK
Mohd BMN, Wootton M (1984) In vitro digestibility of hydroxypropyl maize, waxy maize, and high amylose maize starches. Starch-Starke 36:273–275. LINK
Moreira VR, Jimmink J, Satter LD, Vicini JL, Hartnell GF (2000) Effect of corn silage containing high oil, waxy, multileaf, or bmr3 corn genetics on feed intake, milk yield, and milk composition of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 83(Suppl. 1):110. (Abstr.)
Newman K (1994) Mannan-oligosaccharides: natural polymers with significant impact on the gastrointestinal microflora and the immune system. In Lyons TP, Jacques KA (eds): Biotechnology in the Feed Industry. Proceedings of Alltech’s 10th Annual Symposium. Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, UK.
Pettigrew JE (2000) Bio-Mos effects on pig performance: a review. In Lyons TP, Jacques KA (eds): Biotechnology in the Feed Industry. Proceedings of Alltech’s 16th Annual Symposium. Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, UK, p 31.
Prosky L, Asp NG, Schweizer TF, DeVries JW, Furda I (1992) Determination of insoluble and soluble dietary fiber in foods and food products: collaborative study. J Assoc Off Anal Chem. 75:360. LINK
Schroeder JW, Marx GD, Park CS (1998) Waxy corn as a replacement for dent corn for lactating dairy cows. Anim Feed Sci Tech. 72:111–120. LINK
Selvendran RR, Robertson JA (1990) The chemistry of dietary fibre: a holistic view of the cell wall matrix. In Southgate, DAT, Waldron K, Johnson IT, Fenwick GR (eds): Dietary Fibre: Chemical and Biological Aspects Royal Society of Chemistry Special Publication No. 83. Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK, p 27.
Southgate DAT (1993) Food components associated with dietary fiber. In Spiller GA (ed): Dietary Fiber in Human Nutrition. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, p 27. LINK
Theander O, Aman P (1982) Studies on dietary fibre. A method for the analysis and chemical characterization of total dietary fibre. J Sci Food Agric. 33:340–344. LINK
Van Soest PJ (1994) Nutritional ecology of the ruminant. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY. LINK
Van Soest PJ, McQueen RW (1973) The chemistry and estimation of fibre. Proc Nutr Soc. 32:123–130. LINK

Chapter 6: Lipids and Fatty Acids

Abbadi A, Domergue F, Bauer J, Napier JA, Welti R, Z.hringer U, Cirpus P, Heinz E (2004) Biosynthesis of very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in transgenic oilseeds: constraints on their accumulation. Plant Cell. 16:2734–2748. LINK
Agunbiade JA, Wiseman J, Cole DJA (1991) Nutritional evaluation of triple low rapeseed products for growing pigs. Anim Prod. 52:509–520. LINK
Agunbiade JA, Wiseman J, Cole DJA (1992) Utilisation of dietary energy and nutrients from soya beans by growing pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 36:303–318. LINK
Bauman, DE, Perfield II, JW, de Veth, MJ, Lock, AL (2003) New perpectives on lipid digestion and metabolism in ruminants. Proc Cornell Nutr Conf. pp. 175–189. LINK
Burton JW, Miller JF, Vick BA, Scarth R, Holbrook CC (2004) Altering fatty acid composition in oil seed crops. Adv Agron. 84:273–306. LINK
Carew LB, Nesheim MC, Hill FW (1962) An in vitro method for determining the availability of soybean oil in unextracted soybean products for the chick. Poult Sci. 41:188–193. LINK
Darling FMC, Taylor AJ, Wiseman J (1998) Development of aroma and flavour. In Wiseman J, Varley MA, Chadwick JP (eds): Progress in Pig Science. Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, UK, pp. 429–442.
Deaville ER, Owen E, Adesogan AT, Rymer C, Huntington JA, Lawrence TLJ (1998) In vitro Techniques for Measuring Nutrient Supply to Ruminants. BSAS Occasional Publication No 22. BSAS, Edinburgh, UK. LINK
Domergue F, Abbadi A, Heinz E (2005) Relief for fish stocks: oceanic fatty acids in transgenic oilseeds. Trends Plant Sci. 10:112–116. LINK
Doreau M, Chilliard Y (1997) Digestion and metabolism of dietary fat in farm animals. Br J Nutr. 78 (Suppl. 1):S15-35. LINK
Doreau M, Ferlay A (1994) Digestion and utilisation of fatty acids by ruminants. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 45: 379-396. LINK
Edmunds BK (1990) Chemical analysis of lipid fractions. In Wiseman J, Cole DJA (eds): Feedstuff Evaluation. Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, UK, p. 197.
Feeding Stuffs Regulations (1995) UK Stationery Office Limited, ISBN 0110530322.
Freeman CP (1984) The digestion, absorption and transport of fat—Non-ruminants. In Wiseman J (ed): Fats in Animal Nutrition. Butterworths, London, pp. 105–122.
Fritsch CW (1981) Measurements of frying fat deterioration. J Am Oil Chem Soc. 55:718–727. LINK
Garnsworthy PC (1997) Fats in dairy cow diets. In Garnsworthy PC, Wiseman J (eds): Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition–1997. Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, UK, pp. 87–104.
Gu X, Li D (2003) Fat nutrition and metabolism in piglets: a review. Anim Sci Feed Technol. 109:151–1709. LINK
Gunstone FD, Harwood JL, Padley FD (1994) The Lipid Handbook, 2nd ed. Chapman and Hall, London, UK. LINK
Jeffcoat R, Pollard MR (1977) Studies on the inhibition of the desaturases by cyclopropenoid fatty acids. Lipids. 12:480–485. LINK
Kramer JKG, Hulan HW, Trenholm HL, Corner AH (1979) Growth, lipid metabolism and pathology of two strains of rats fed high fat diets. J Nutr. 109:202–213. LINK
Krogdahl A (1985) Digestion and absorption of lipids in poultry. J Nutr. 115:675–685. LINK
MAFF (1993) Prediction of the Energy Values of Compound Feeding Stuffs for Farm Animals: Summary of the recommendations of a working party sponsored by the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. MAFF Publication PB 1285.
McNab JM (1990) Apparent and true metabolisable energy of poultry diets. In Wiseman J, Cole DJA (eds): Feedstuff Evaluation. Butterworths, London, pp. 41–54.
Nagao N, Yanagita T (2005) Conjugated fatty acids in food and their health benefits. J Biosci Bioeng. 100:152-157. LINK
NRC (1993) Nutrient requirements of fish. National Research Council. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. LINK
Robinson EH, Li MH, Manning, BB (2001) Bulletin 13: A practical guide to nutrition, feeds, and feeding of catfish, 2nd ed. Office of Agricultural Communications, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS. LINK
Sanderson P (1986) A new method of analysis of feedingstuffs for the determination of crude oils and fats. In Haresign W, Cole DJA (eds): Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition – 1986. Butterworths, Sevenoaks, UK, pp. 77–83.
Sayanova OV, Napier JA (2004) Eicosapentaenoic acid: biosynthetic routes and the potential for synthesis in transgenic plants. Phytochemistry. 65:147–148. LINK
Shenstone FS, Vickery JR, Johnson AR (1965) Studies on the chemistry and biological effects of cyclopropenoid compounds. J Agric Food Chem. 13:410–414.
Storebakken T (2002) Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. In Webster CD, Lim CE (eds): Nutrient requirements and feeding finfish for aquaculture. CABI Publishing, New York, NY, pp. 79–102. LINK
Thelen JT, Ohlrogge JB (2002) Metabolic engineering of fatty acid biosynthesis in plants. Metab Eng. 4:12–21. LINK
Topfer R, Martlni N, Schell J (1995) Modification of plant lipid synthesis. Science. 268:681–686. LINK
Webster CD, Lim CE (2002) Nutrient requirements and feeding finfish for aquaculture. CABI Publishing, New York, NY. LINK
Wiseman J (1990) Variability in the nutritive value of fats for non-ruminants. In Wiseman J, Cole DJA (eds): Feedstuff Evaluation. Butterworths, London, pp. 215–234.
Wiseman J (2001a) The quantitative contribution of fat to metabolisable energy. In McNab JM, Boorman KN (eds): Poultry Feedstuffs: Supply, Composition and Nutritive Value. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK, pp. 137–150. LINK
Wiseman J (2001b) High energy diets for poultry – effects of diet composition on performance and carcass quality. In Garnsworthy PC, Wiseman J (eds): Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition – 2001. Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, UK, pp. 87–106.
Wiseman J (2004) Utilisation of fats and oils and prediction of their energy-yielding value for non-ruminants. Proc Univ Arkansas Feed Conf, Fayetteville, AR.
Wiseman J, Agunbiade JA (1998a) Influence of changes in dietary fat and oils on the fatty acids profiles of carcass fat in finishing pigs. Livest Prod Sci. 54:217–227. LINK
Wiseman J, Powles J, Salvador F (1998b) Comparison between pigs and poultry in the prediction of the dietary energy value of fats. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 71:1–9. LINK
Wiseman J, Redshaw MS, Jagger S, Nute GR, Wood JD (2000) Influence of type and dietary rate of inclusion of oil on meat quality of finishing pigs. Anim Sci. 70:307–315. LINK

Chapter 7: Vitamins and Antioxidants

Anonymous (1999) International Vitamin A Consultative Group. Bioavailability of dietary carotenoids; current concepts. A report of the International Vitamin A Consultative Group. ILSI Press, Washington, DC. LINK
Anonymous (2004) Safety of genetically engineered foods: Approaches to assessing unintended health effects. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources, and Board on Life Sciences. National Academies Press, Washington, DC. LINK
Anderson PA, Baker DH, Mistry SP (1978) Experiment determination of the biotin content of maize, barley, sorghum and wheat. J Anim Sci. 47:654–659. LINK
Atmaca G (2004) Antioxidant effects of sulfur-containing amino acids. Yonsei Med J. 45:776–788. LINK
Augspurger NA, Scherer CS, Garrow TR, Baker DH (2004) S-methylmethionine, a component of foods, has methionine and choline-sparing bioactivity. FASEB J. 18:A545.
Baker DH, Yen JT, Jensen AH, Teeter RG, Michel EN, Burns JH (1976) Niacin activity in niacinamide and coffee. Nutr Rep Int. 14:115–122.
Baker DH (1995) Vitamin Bioavailability. In Ammerman CB, Baker DH, Lewis AJ (eds): Bioavailability of Nutrients for Animals: Amino Acids, Minerals and Vitamins. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 399– 431. LINK
Baker DH, Edwards, III HM, Strunk CS, Emmert JL, Peter CM, Mavromichalis I, Parr TM (1999) Single versus multiple deficiencies of methionine, zinc, riboflavin, vitamin B6, and choline elicit surprising growth responses in young chicks. J Nutr. 129:2239– 2246. LINK
Baker DH (2001) Bioavailability of minerals and vitamins. In Lewis AJ, Southern LL (eds): Swine Nutrition. CAB Intl., London, pp. 357–379. LINK
Baker RTM (2002) Canthaxanthin in aquafeed applications: is there any risk? Trends Food Sci Technol. 12:240–243. LINK
Basset GJ, Quinlivan EP, Ravanel S, Rebeille F, Nichols BP, Shinozaki K, Seki M, Adams-Phillips LC, Giovannoni JJ, Gregory JF III, Hanson AD (2004a) Folate synthesis in plants: the p-aminobenzoate branch is initiated by a bifunctional PabA-PabB protein that is targeted to plastids. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 101:1496–1501. LINK
Basset GJ, Ravanel S, Quinlivan EP, White R, Giovannoni JJ, Rebeille F, Nichols BP, Shinozaki K, Seki M, Gregory, III JF, Hanson AD (2004b) Folate synthesis in plants: the last step of the aminobenzoate branch is catalyzed by a plastidial aminodeoxychorismate lyase. Plant J. 40:453–461. LINK
Bieri JG, McKenna MC (1981) Expressing dietary values for fat-soluble vitamins: changes in concepts and terminology. Am J Clin Nutr. 34:289–295. LINK
Blair PV, Kobayashi R, Edwards, III HM, Shay NF, Baker DH, Harris RA (1999) Dietary thiamin level influences thiamin levels and enzymatic activities of rat liver. J Nutr. 129:641–649. LINK
Chung TK, Baker DH (1990) Riboflavin requirement of chicks fed purified amino acid and conventional maize-soybean meal diets. Poult Sci. 69:1357–1363. LINK
de la Garza RD, Quinlivan EP, Klaus SMJ, Basset GJC, Gregory, III JF, Hanson AD (2004) Folate biofortification in tomatoes by engineering the pteridine branch of folate synthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 101:13720–13725. LINK
DellaPenna D (1999) Nutritional genomics: manipulating plant micronutrients to improve human health. Science. 285: 375–379. LINK
DellaPenna D (2001) Plant metabolic engineering. Plant Physiol. 125:160–163. LINK
Deming D, Baker DH, Erdman JW (2002) Relative vitamin A potency of 9-cis and 13-cis B carotene relative to all-trans B-carotene in gerbils. J Nutr. 132: 2709–2712. LINK
Emmert JL, Baker DH (1997) A chick experiment approach for determining the bioavailable choline concentration of normal and overheated soybean meal, canola meal, and peanut meal. J Nutr. 127:745–752. LINK
Emmert JL, Garrow TA, Baker DH (1996) Development of an experimental diet for determining bioavailable choline concentration, and its application in studies with soybean lecithin. J Anim Sci. 74: 2738–2744. LINK
Erdman JE, Jr., Fahey GC, White CB (1986) Effects of purified dietary fiber sources on B-carotene utilization by the chick. J Nutr. 116:2415–2423. LINK
Frazer PD, Bramley PM (2004) The biosynthesis and nutritional uses of carotenoids. Prog Lipid Res. 43:228–265. LINK
Frei B, England L, Ames BN (1989) Ascorbate is an outstanding antioxidant in human blood plasma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 86:6377–6381. LINK
Fukuzawa K, Tokumura A, Ouchi S, Tsukatani H (1982) Antioxidant activities of tocopherols on Fe2+- ascorbate-induced lipid peroxidation in lecithin liposomes. Lipids. 17:511–513. LINK
Galili G, Galili S, Lewinsohn E, Tadmor Y (2002) Genetic, molecular, and genomic approaches to improve the value of plant food and feeds. Crit Rev Plant Sci. 21:167–204. LINK
Galobart J, Sala R, Rincon-Carruyo X, Manzanilla EG (2004) Egg yolk color as affected by saponification of different natural pigmenting sources. J Appl Poultry Res. 13:328–334. LINK
Graham RD, Welch RM (1996) Breeding for staple food crops with high micronutrient density. International Food Policy Research Institute. Washington DC, p. 79.
Groff JL, Gropper SS, Hunt SM (1995) Advanced Nutrition and Human Metabolism. West Publishing Co., St. Paul, MN.
Grusak MA, DellaPenna D (1999) Improving the nutrient composition of plants to enhance human nutrition and health. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Mol Biol. 50:133–161. LINK
Harborne JB (1993) Introduction to ecological biochemistry, 4th ed. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. LINK
Hirakawa DA, Olson LA, Baker DH (1984) Comparative utilization of a crystalline amino acid diet and a methionine-fortified casein diet by young rats and mice. Nutr Res. 4:891–895. LINK
Hirschberg J (2001) Carotenoid biosynthesis in flowering plants. Curr Opin Plant Biol. 4:210–8. LINK
Howe JA, Tanumihardjo SA (2006) Carotenoid biofortified maize maintains vitamin A status in Mongolian gerbils. J Nutr. 136:2562–2567. LINK
Hutjens M (2005) Managing variation in feed additives. Proceedings of the 21st Southwest Nutrition and Management Conference, Tempe, AZ, pp. 32- 42. Available from LINK
Ip CL (1998) Lessons from basic research in selenium and cancer prevention. J Nutr. 128:1845–1854. LINK
Kamal-Eldin A, Appelqvist LA (1996) The chemistry and antioxidant properties of tocopherols and tocotrienols. Lipids. 31:671–701. LINK
Lee CM, Boileau AC, Boileau TWM, Williams AW, Swanson KS, Heintz KA, Erdman JW (1999) Review of animal models in carotenoid research. J Nutr. 129: 2271–2277. LINK
McCall MR, Frei B (1999) Can antioxidant vitamins materially reduce oxidative damage in humans? Free Radical Biol and Med. 26:1034–1053. LINK
NRC (1982) United States – Canadian Tables of Feed Composition, 3rd ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. LINK
NRC (1987) Vitamin Tolerance of Animals. National Research Council, National Academies Press, Washington, DC. LINK
NRC (1993) Nutrient Requirements of Fish. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. LINK
NRC (1998) Nutrient Requirements of Swine, 10th ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. LINK
NRC (2000, update of 1996) Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle – 2000, 7th ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. LINK
NRC (2001) Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle, 7th ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. LINK
Oduho G, Baker DH (1993) Quantitative efficacy of niacin sources for the chick: nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, NAD and tryptophan. J Nutr. 123:2201–2206. LINK
Oduho G, Chung TK, Baker DH (1993) Menadione nicotinamide bisulfite is a bioactive source of vitamin K and niacin for chicks. J Nutr. 123:737–743. LINK
Oduho GW, Han Y, Baker DH (1994) Iron deficiency reduces the efficacy of tryptophan as a niacin precursor for chicks. J Nutr. 124:444–450. LINK
Park H, Kreunen SS, Cuttriss AJ, DellaPenna D, Pogson BJ (2002) Identification of the carotenoid isomerase provides insight into carotenoid biosynthesis, prolamellar body formation, and photomorphogenesis. Plant Cell. 14:321–32. LINK
Patel K, Baker DH (1996) Supplemental iron, copper, zinc, ascorbate, caffeine and chlortetracycline do not affect riboflavin utilization in the chick. Nutr Res. 16:1943–1952. LINK
Quinlivan EP, Roje S, Basset G, Sachar-Hill Y, Gregory, III JF, Hanson AD (2003) The folate precursor p-aminobenzoate is reversibly converted to its glucose ester in the plant cytosol. J Biol Chem. 278:20731–20737. LINK
Rains TM, Emmert JL, Baker DH, Shay NF (1997) Minimal thiamin requirement of weanling Sprague-Dawley rats. J Nutr. 127:167–170. LINK
Rebeille F, Douce R (1999) Folate synthesis and compartmentation in higher plants. In Kruger NJ, Hill SA, Ratcliffe RG (eds): Regulation of Primary Metabolic Pathways in Plants. Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp 53–99. LINK
Saier MH Jr (1998) Genome sequencing and informatics: new tools for biochemical discoveries. Plant Physiol. 117:1129–33. LINK
Sauberlich HE (1985) Bioavailability of vitamins. Prog Food Nutr Sci. 9:1–33. LINK
Scherer CS, Baker DH (2000) Excess dietary methionine markedly increases the vitamin B6 requirement of young chicks. J Nutr. 130:3055–3058. LINK
Shintani D, DellaPenna D (1998) Elevating the vitamin E content of plants through metabolic engineering. Science. 282:2098–2100. LINK
Solomons NW (2001) Vitamin A and carotenoids. In Bowman BA, Russell RM (eds): Present Knowledge in Nutrition, 8th ed. ILSI Press, Washington, DC, pp 127–145. LINK
Southern LL, Baker DH (1981) Bioavailable pantothenic acid in cereal grains and soybean meal. J Anim Sci. 53: 403–408. LINK
Tanksley SD, McCouch SR (1997) Seed banks and molecular maps: unlocking genetic potential from the wild. Science. 277:1063–1066. LINK
Tso MOM, Lam T-T. 1996. Method of retarding and ameliorating central nervous system and eye damage. US Patent #5527533. LINK
Ullrey DE (1972) Biological availability of fat-soluble vitamins: vitamin A and carotene. J Anim Sci. 35:648–657. LINK
Webster CD, Lim CE (2002) Introduction to fish nutrition. In Webster CD, Lim CE (eds): Nutrient Requirements and Feeding of Finfish for Aquaculture. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, Oxon, UK, pp. 1–27. LINK
Wedekind KJ, Beyer RS, Combs GF Jr (1998) Is selenium addition necessary in pet foods. FASEB J. 2:A823.
Wierzbicka GT, Hagen TM, Jones DP (1989) Glutathione in food. J Food Comp Anal. 2:327–337. LINK
Ye XD, Al-Babili S, Kloti A, Zhang J, Lucca P, Beyer P, Potrykus I (2000) Engineering the provitamin A (beta-carotene) biosynthetic pathway into (carotenoid-free) rice endosperm. Science. 287:303– 305. LINK
Yen JT, AH Jensen AH, Baker DH (1976) Assessment of the concentration of biologically available vitamin B6 in maize and soybean meal. J Anim Sci. 42:866– 870. LINK

Chapter 8: Minerals

Adeola O, Larence BV, Sutton AL, Cline TR (1995) Phytase-induced changes in mineral utilization in zinc-supplemented diets for pigs. J Anim Sci. 73:3384–3391. LINK
Adeola O (1996) Effect of supplemental phytase on trace mineral availability. In Coelho MB, Kornegay ET (eds): Phytase in animal nutrition and waste management, BASF Reference Manual DC9601. BASF, Mt. Olive, NJ, pp. 435–450.
Anderson PC (1998) Crop biotechnology for feed improvement. In Wiseman J, Varley MA, Chadwick JP (eds): Progress in Pig Science, Proceedings of the 58th Easter School in Agricultural Sciences. Nottingham Univ. Press, Nottingham, UK, pp. 265–277.
Braude R (1967) Copper as a stimulant in pig feeding (Cuprum pro pecunia). World Rev Anim Prod. 3:69–82.
CAST (2002) Animal diet modification to decrease the potential for nitrogen and phosphorus pollution. Issue Paper No. 21. Council for Agricultural Science and Technology, Ames, IA. LINK
Carter SD, Cromwell GL, Westerman PW, Park JS, Pettey LA (2003) Prediction of nitrogen, phosphorus, and dry matter excretion by swine based on diet chemical composition, feed intake, and nutrient retention. Proc. 9th International Symposium on Animal, Agricultural, and Food Processing Wastes, October 12–15, 2003, Durham, NC. American Society of Agricultural Engineers, St. Joseph, MI, pp 285–295. LINK
Cromwell GL, Stahly TS, Coffey RD, Monegue HJ, Randolph JH (1993) Efficacy of phytase in improving the bioavailability of phosphorus in soybean meal and corn-soybean meal diets for pigs. J Anim Sci. 71:1831–1840. LINK
Cromwell GL, Calvert CC, Cline TR, Crenshaw JD, Crenshaw TD, Easter RA, Ewan RC, Hamilton CR, Hill GM, Lewis AJ, Mahan DC, Miller ER, Nelssen JL, Pettigrew JE, Tribble LF, Veum TL, Yen JT, NCR-42 Committee on Swine Nutrition (1999) Variability among sources and laboratories in nutrient analyses of corn and soybean meal. J Anim Sci. 77:3262–3273. LINK
Cromwell GL, Pierce JL, Sauber TE, Rice DW, Ertl DS, Raboy V (1998a) Bioavailability of phosphorus in low-phytic acid corn for growing pigs. J Anim Sci. 76(Suppl. 2):54.
Cromwell GL, Pierce JL, Stilborn HL, Rice DW, Ertl, DS Raboy V (1998b) Bioavailability of phosphorus in lowphytic acid corn for chick. Poult Sci. 77(Suppl. 1):117.
Cromwell GL, Traylor SL, Lindemann MD, Sauber TE, Rice DW (2000) Bioavailability of phosphorus in low-oligosaccharide, low-phytate soybean meal for pigs. J Anim Sci. 78(Suppl. 2):71.
Hill GM, Cromwell GL, Crenshaw TD, Dove R, Ewan RC, Knabe DA, Lewis AJ, Liba l GW, Mahan DC, Shurson GC, Southern LL, Veum TL, NCR-42 and S-145 Regional Swine Nutrition Committees (2000) Growth promotion effects and plasma changes from feeding high dietary concentrations of zinc and copper to weanling pigs (regional study). J Anim Sci. 78:1010–1016. LINK
Jongbloed AW, Mroz Z, Kemme PA (1992) The effect of supplementary Aspergillus niger phytase in diets for pigs on concentration and apparent digestibility of dry matter, total phosphorus, and phytic acid in different sections of the alimentary tract. J Anim Sci. 70:1159–1168. LINK
McHughen A (2000) Biotechnology and Feed, 2nd ed. American Council on Science and Health, New York, NY, p. 16. LINK
Nelson TS, Ferrara LW, Storer NL (1968) Phytate phosphorus content of feed ingredients derived from plants. Poult Sci. 47:1372–1374.
NRC (2005) Mineral Tolerance of Animals, 2nd ed. National Academy Press, Washington DC. LINK
NRC (2000, update of 1996) Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle – 2000, 7th ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. LINK
NRC (2001) Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle, 7th ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. LINK
NRC (1993) Nutrient Requirements of Fish. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. LINK
NRC (1994) Nutrient Requirements of Poultry, 9th ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. LINK
NRC (1998) Nutrient Requirements of Swine, 10th ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. LINK
NRC (1982) United States – Canadian Tables of Feed Composition, 3rd ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. LINK
Raboy V, Dickinson DB, Neuffer MG (1990) A survey of maize kernel mutants for variation in phytic acid. Maydica. 35:385–390. LINK
Spencer JD, Allee GL, Sauber TE (2000) Phosphorus bioavailability and digestibility of normal and genetically modified low-phytate corn for pigs. J Anim Sci. 78:675–681. LINK
Underwood EJ, Suttle NF (1999) The mineral nutrition of livestock. CABI Publishing, New York.
Ullah AH, Sethumadhavan K, Mullaney EJ, Ziegelhoffer T, Austin-Phillips S (2002) Cloned and expressed fungal phyA genes in alfalfa produces a stable phytase. Biochem Biophy Res Comm. 290:1343–1348. LINK

Chapter 9: Enzymes

Beauchemin KA, Colombatto D, Morgavi DP, Yang WZ (2003) Use of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes to improve feed utilization by ruminants. J Anim Sci. 81:E37–E47. LINK
Beauchemin KA, Colombatto D, Morgavi DR (2004) A rationale for the development of feed enzyme products for ruminants. Can J Anim Sci. 84:23–36. LINK
Bedford MR, Apajalahti J (2001) Implications of diet and enzyme supplementation on the microflora of the intestinal tract. In van der Poel AFB, Vahl JL, Kwakkel RP (eds): Advances in Nutritional Technology. Proc 1st World Feed Conf. Wageningen Pers, Utrecht, pp. 197–206.
Bedford MR, Classen HL (1992) Reduction of intestinal viscosity through manipulation of dietary rye and pentosanase concentration is effected through changes in the carbohydrate composition of the intestinal aqueous phase and results in improved growth rate and food conversion efficiency of broiler chicks. J Nutr. 122:560–569. LINK
Bedford MR, Classen HL (1993) An in vitro assay for prediction of broiler intestinal viscosity and growth when fed rye-based diets in the presence of exogenous enzymes. Poult Sci. 72:137–143. LINK
Bedford MR, Schulze H (1998) Exogenous enzymes for pigs and poultry. Nutr Res Rev. 11:91–114. LINK
Beudeker RF, Pen J (1995) Development of plant seeds expressing phytase as a feed additive. 2nd European Symposium on Feed Enzymes, Noordwijkerhout, The Netherlands, pp. 225–228.
Black JL (2001) Variation in nutritional value of cereal grains across livestock species. Proc 13th Aust Poult Sci Symp. 13:22–29.
Campbell GL, Bedford MR (1992) Enzyme applications for monogastric feeds: a review. Can J Anim Sci. 72:449–466. LINK
Chesson A (1994) Manipulation of fibre degradation: an old theme revisited. In Lyons TP, Jacques KA (eds): Biotechnology in the Feed Industry. Nottingham University Press, Loughborough, UK, 83–98.
Colombatto D, Morgavi DP, Furtado, AF, Beauchemin KA (2003) Screening of exogenous enzymes for ruminant diets: relationship between biochemical characteristics and in vitro ruminal degradation. J Anim Sci. 81:2628–2638. LINK
Cowan WD, Huyghebaert G, Hughes RJ (2001) Comparison of the influence of the methodology used for determining the metabolisable energy of soybean meal. Proc 13th Aust Poult Sci Symp. 13:164–167.
Cowan WD, Pettersson DR, Rasmussen PB (1999a) The influence of multi-component pectinase enzymes on energy and amino acid availability in vegetable proteins. Proc Aust Poult Sci Symp. 11:85–88.
Cowan WD, Pettersson DR, Ross GM (1999b) Investigations into the effect of xylanases and pectinases on broiler performance in sorghum based diets with low levels of wheat. Proc Aust Poult Sci Symp. 11:112–115.
Cowieson AJ, Acamovic T, Bedford MR (2004) The effects of phytase and phytic acid on the loss of endogenous amino acids and minerals from broiler chickens. Br Poult Sci. 45:101–108. LINK
Geraert PP, Rouffineau F, Barrier-Guillot B (2001) Nonstarch polysaccharide enzymes and viscosity: The relationship revisited. Aust Poult Sci Symp. 13:208–211.
Hatten LF, Ingram DR, Pittman ST (2001) Effect of phytase on production parameters and nutrient availability in broilers and laying hens: A review. J Appl Poult Res. 10:274–278. LINK
Hristov A, McAllister TA, Cheng K-J (1998) Exogenous enzymes for ruminants: modes of action and potential applications. Western Nutr Conf Proc 17th Conf., Edmonton, Alberta, pp. 51–61.
Ibrahim S, Jacob JP, Blair R (2000) Phytase supplementation to reduce phosphorus excretion of broilers. J Appl Poult Res. 8:414–425. LINK
Igbasan FA, Manner K, Miksch G, Borriss R, Farouk A, Simon O (2000) Comparative studies on the in vitro properties of phytases from various microbial origins. Archiv Tierernaehr. 53:353–373. LINK
Jackson ME, Fodge DW, Hsiao HY (1999) Effects of betamannanase in corn-soybean meal diets on laying hen performance. Poult Sci. 78:1737–1741. LINK
Jackson ME, Geronian K, Knox A, McNab J, McCartney E (2004) A dose-response study with the feed enzyme beta-mannanase in broilers provided with cornsoybean meal based diets in the absence of antibiotic growth promoters. Poult Sci. 83:1992–1996. LINK
Jagger S, Wiseman J, Cole DJA, Craigon J (1992) Evaluation of inert markers for the determination of ileal and faecal apparent digestibility values in the pig. Br J Nutr. 68:729 –739. LINK
Klein Holkenborg ABM, Braun J (2001) Effect of a hydrophobic coating on phytase granulates on pelleting stability and bio-efficacy in broilers. 13th Eur Symp Poult Nutr. 13:341.
Kocher A, Choct M, Ross G, Broz J, Chung TK (2003) Effects of enzyme combinations on apparent metabolizable energy of corn-soybean meal-based diets in broilers. J Appl Poult Res. 12:275–283. LINK
Lee JT, Bailey CA, Cartwright AL (2003) Beta-mannanase ameliorates viscosity-associated depression of growth in broiler chickens fed guar germ and hull fractions. Poult Sci. 82:1925–1931. LINK
Malathi V, Devegowda G (2001) In vitro evaluation of nonstarch polysaccharide digestibility of feed ingredients by enzymes. Poult Sci. 80:302–305. LINK
Marteau P, Minekus M, Havenaar R, Huis in’t Veld JH. (1997) Survival of lactic acid bacteria in a dynamic model of the stomach and small intestine – validation and the effects of bile. J Dairy Sci. 80:1031–1037. LINK
McCoy RA, Behnke KC, Hancock JD, McEllhiney RR (1994) Effect of mixing uniformity on broiler chick performance. Poult Sci. 73:443–451. LINK
Moughan PJ (1999) In vitro techniques for the assessment of the nutritive value of feed grains for pigs: a review. Aust J Agric Res. 50:871–879.
Nsereko VL, Morgavi DP, Rode LLM, Beauchemin KA, McAllister TA (2000a) Effects of fungal enzyme preparations on hydrolysis and subsequent degradation of alfalfa hay fiber by mixed rumen microorganisms in vitro. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 88:153–170.
Pen J, Verwoerd TC, Van Paridon PA, Beudeker RF, van den Elken PJM, Geerse K, van der Klis JD, Versteegh HAJ, Van Ooyen AJJ, Hoekema A (1993) Phytase-containing transgenic seeds as a novel feed additive for improved phosphorus utilization. Biotechnology. 11:811–814. LINK
Rodehutscord M (1995) Phytase and carbohydrases in diets for rainbow trout. Proc 2nd Eur Symp Feed Enzymes. pp. 229–235.
Rodehutscord M, Pfeffer E (1995) Effects of supplemental microbial phytase on phosphorus digestibility and utilisation in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Water Sci Technol. 31:143–147. LINK
Rosen GD (2002) Microbial phytase in broiler nutrition. In Garnsworthy PC, Wiseman J (eds): Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition 2002. Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, UK, pp. 105–118.
Sales J, Janssens GPJ (2003a) Acid-insoluble ash as a marker in digestibility studies: a review. J Anim Feed Sci. 12:383-401. LINK
Sales J, Janssens GPJ (2003b) The use of markers to determine energy metabolizability and nutrient digestibility in avian species. World Poultry Sci J. 59:314-327. LINK
Schutte JB (1990) Nutritional implications and metabolizable energy value of D-xylose and L-arabinose in chicks. Poult Sci. 69:1724–1730. LINK
Schutte JB, de Jong J, Polziehn R, Verstegen MWA (1991) Nutritional implications of D-xylose in pigs. Br J Nutr. 66:83–93. LINK
Scott TA, Silversides FG, Zijlstra RT (2003) Effect of pelleting and enzyme supplementation on variation in feed value of wheat-based diets fed to broiler chicks. Can J Anim Sci. 83:257–263. LINK
Selle PH, Ravindran V, Caldwell RA, Bryden WL (2000) Phytate and phytase: consequences for protein utilisation. Nutr Res Rev. 13:255–278. LINK
Selle PH, Ravindran V, Bryden WL, Scott T (2006) Influence of dietary phytate and exogenous phytase on amino acid digestibility in poultry: A review. J Poult Sci. 43:89-103. LINK
Silversides FG, Bedford MR (1999) Effect of pelleting temperature on the recovery and efficacy of a xylanase enzyme in wheat-based diets. Poult Sci. 78:1184–1190. LINK
Sohail SS, Bryant MM, Roland DA Sr, Apajalahti JHA, Pierson EEM (2003) Influence of Avizyme 1500 on performance of commercial Leghorns. J Appl Poult Res. 12:284–290. LINK
Waldroup PW (2002) Fears regarding phytase use said to be unjustified. Feedstuffs. 74(14):18–19. LINK
Wang Y, McAllister TA, Rode LM, Beauchemin KA, Morgavi DP, Nsereko VL, Iwaasa, AD, Yang W (2001) Effects of an exogenous enzyme preparation on microbial protein synthesis, enzyme activity and attachment to feed in the Rumen Simulation Technique (Rusitec). Br J Nutr. 85:325–332. LINK
Wilson JW, Ward NE (2002) Pelleting stability of Ronozyme P (CT) phytase in commercial feedmills: An update. Poult Sci. 81:141.
Yu P, McKinnon J, Maenz DD, Olkowski AA, Racz VJ, Christensen DA (2003) Enzymic release of reducing sugars from oat hulls by cellulase, as influenced by Aspergillus ferulic acid esterase and Trichoderma xylanase. J Agric Food Chem. 51:218–223. LINK

Chapter 10: Antinutrients

Ammerman CB, Baker DH, Lewis AL (1995) Bioavailability of nutrients for animals: Amino acids, minerals, and vitamins. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. LINK
Athanasiadou S, Kyriazakis I, Jackson F, Coop RL (2001) Direct anthelmintic effects of condensed tannins towards different gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep: In vitro and in vivo studies. Vet Parasitol. 99: 205–219. LINK
Baker DH (1986) Problems and pitfalls in animal experiments designed to establish dietary requirements for essential nutrients. J Nutr. 116: 2339–2349. LINK
Barry TN, McNabb WC (1999) The implications of condensed tannins on the nutritive value of temperate forages fed to ruminants. Br J Nutr. 81:263–272. LINK
Bell JM (1993) Factors affecting the nutritional value of canola meal: A review. Can J Anim Sci. 73:679–697. LINK
Blaak EE, Saris WHM (1995) Health aspects of various digestible carbohydrates. Nut Res. 15:1547–1573. LINK
Bravo L (1998) Polyphenols: Chemistry, dietary sources, metabolism, and nutritional significance. Nutr Rev. 56:317–333. LINK
Bullard RW, York JO (1996) Screening grain sorghums for bird tolerance and nutritional quality. Crop Prot. 15:159–165. LINK
Casaubon-Huguenin MT, Avila-Gonzalez E, Vazquez-Pelaez C, Trigo F, Lascurain R, Zenteno E (2004) The effect of raw full-fat soybean and its lectin on the nutrition and pigmentation of broilers. J Agric Food Chem. 52:5702–5708. LINK
Cipollini D (2004) Stretching the limits of plasticity: Can a plant defend against both competitors and herbivores? Ecology. 85:28–37. LINK
Classen HL, Bedford MR (1999) The use of enzymes to improve the nutritive value of poultry feeds. In Wiseman J, Garnsworthy PC (eds): Recent developments in poultry nutrition 2. Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, UK, pp. 285–308.
Cowieson AJ (2005) Factors that affect the nutritional value of maize for broilers. Anim Feed Sci Tech. 119:293–305. LINK
FAO (1996) Biotechnology and food safety. Report of a joint FAO/WHO consultation. Food and nutrition paper 61, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. LINK
Feil B (2001) Phytic acid. J New Seeds. 3:1–35. Foley WJ, Moore BD (2005) Plant secondary metabolites and vertebrate herbivores – from physiological regulation to ecosystem function. Curr Opin Plant Biol. 8:430–435. LINK
Francis G, Makkar HPS, Becker K (2001) Antinutritional factors present in plant-derived alternate fish feed ingredients and their effects in fish. Aquaculture. 199:197–227. LINK
Gilani CS, Cockell KA, Sepehr E (2005) Effects of antinutritional factors on protein digestibility and amino acid availability in foods. J AOAC Internatl. 88:967–987. LINK
Hajos G et al. (1995) Biological effects and survival of trypsin inhibitors and the agglutinin from soybean in the small intestine of the rat. J Agric Food Chem. 43:165–170.
Hoffmann EM, Muetzel S, Becker K (2003) The fermentation of soybean meal by rumen microbes in vitro reveals different kinetic features for the inactivation and the degradation of trypsin inhibitor protein. Anim Feed Sci Tech. 106:189–197. LINK
Houdijk JGM, Kyriazakis I, Jackson F, Huntley JF, Coop RL (2005) Effects of protein supply and reproductive status on local and systemic immune responses to teladorsagia circumcincta in sheep. Vet Parasitol. 129:105–117. LINK
Iason G (2005) The role of plant secondary metabolites in mammalian herbivory: Ecological perspectives. Proc Nutr Soc. 64:123–131. LINK
Ikeda K, Oku M, Kusano T, Yasumoto K (1988) Inhibitory factors against the protein digestibility of plant foodstuffs. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology. 34:27–35.
ILSI (2003) Best practices for the conduct of animal studies to evaluate crops genetically modified for input traits. International Life Sciences Institute, Washington DC. Available from: LINK
ILSI (2004) Nutritional and safety assessments of foods and feeds nutritionally improved through biotechnology. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Safety. 3:36–104. Available from: LINK
Leeson S, Diaz GJ, Summers JD (1995) Poultry metabolic disorders and mycotoxins. Lucknow International, Lucknow, Canada.
Liener IE (1975) Effects of anti nutritional and toxic factors on the quality and utilization of legume proteins. Marcel Dekker, New York.
Liener IE (1980) Toxic constituents of plant foodstuffs, 2nd ed. Academic Press, New York.
Lott JNA, Ockenden I, Raboy V, Batten GD (2000) Phytic acid and phosphorus in crop seeds and fruits: A global estimate. Seed Sci Res. 10:11–33. LINK
Lowry JB, McSweeney CS, Palmer B (1996) Changing perceptions of the effect of plant phenolics on nutrient supply in the ruminant. Aust J Agric Res. 47:829–842. LINK
Makkar HPS (2003) Effects and fate of tannins in ruminant animals, adaptation to tannins, and strategies to overcome detrimental effects of feeding tannin-rich feeds. Small Ruminant Research. 49:241–256. LINK
Makkar HPS, Becker K (1999) Plant toxins and detoxification methods to improve feed quality of tropical seeds. Asian-Aus J Anim Sci. 12:467–480. LINK
Martinez C, Ros G, Periago MJ, Lopez G, Ortuno J, Rincon F (1996) Phytic acid in human nutrition. Food Science and Technology International. 2:201–209.
McMahon LR, McAllister TA, Berg BP, Majak W, Acharya SN, Popp JD, Coulman BE, Wang Y, Cheng KJ (2000) A review of the effects of forage condensed tannins on ruminal fermentation and bloat in grazing cattle. Can J Plant Sci 80:469–485. LINK
Mertz ET (1975) Breeding for improved nutritional value in cereals. In Friedman M (ed): Nutrition and clinical nutrition, vol. 1. Protein and nutritional quality of foods and feeds, part 2. Quality factorsplant breeding, composition, processing, and antinutrients. Proceedings of a symposium. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 1–12.
Min BR, Miller D, Hart SP, Tomita G, Loetz E, Sahlu T (2003) Direct effects of condensed tannins on gastrointestinal nematodes in grazing angora goats. J Anim Sci. 81:23–24.
Molan AL, Hoskin SO, Barry TN, McNabb WC (2000) Effect of condensed tannins extracted from four forages on the viability of the larvae of deer lungworms and gastrointestinal nematodes. Vet Rec. 147:44–48. LINK
Novak WK, Haslberger AG (2000) Substantial equivalence of antinutrients and inherent plant toxins in genetically modified novel foods. Food Chem Tox. 38:473–483. LINK
Pusztai A, Ewen SW, Grant G, Peumans WJ, Van Damme EJ, Coates ME, Bardocz S (1995) Lectins and also bacteria modify the glycosylation of gut surface receptors in the rat. Glycoconj J. 12:22–35. LINK
Raboy V (2001) Seeds for a better future: ’low phytate’ grains help to overcome malnutrition and reduce pollution. Trends Plant Sci. 6:458–462. LINK
Ramirez-Restrepo CA, Barry TN (2005) Alternative temperate forages containing secondary compounds for improving sustainable productivity in grazing ruminants. Anim Feed Sci Tech. 120:179–201. LINK
Thompson LU (1988) Antinutrients and blood glucose. Food Technology 42:123–132.
Thompson LU (1993) Potential health benefits and problems associated with antinutrients in foods. Food Research International 26:131–149. LINK
Urbano G, L.pez-Jurado M, Aranda P, Vidal-Valverde C, Tenorio E, Porres J (2000) The role of phytic acid in legumes: Antinutrient or beneficial function? J Physiol Biochem. 56:283–294. LINK
Waghorn GC, WC McNabb (2003) Consequences of plant phenolic compounds for productivity and health of ruminants. Proc Nutr Soc. 62:383–392. LINK
Watson DH (1987) Natural toxicants in food: Progress and prospects. Ellis Horwood Ltd, Chichester, England.
Welch RM (2002) Breeding strategies for biofortified staple plant foods to reduce micronutrient malnutrition globally. J Nutr. 132:495S–499S. LINK
WHO (1995) Application of the principles of substantial equivalence to the safety evaluation of foods and food components from plants derived by modern biotechnology. Geneva, Switzerland. LINK

Chapter 11: Protocols for Evaluating Feedstuffs with Genetically Modified Output Traits: Poultry Meat Production

Akiba Y, Sato K, Takahashi K, Matsushita K, Komiyama H, Tsunekawa H, Nagao H (2001) Meat color modification in broiler chickens by feeding yeast Phaffia rhodozyma containing high concentrations of astaxanthin. J Appl Poult Res. 10:154–161. LINK
Amezcua CM (2004) Content and relative bioavailability of phosphorus in distillers dried grains with solubles in chicks. Poult Sci. 83:971–976. LINK
Ammerman CB, Baker DH, Lewis AJ (eds) (1995) Bioavailability of Nutrients for Animals. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. LINK
An G-H, Song J-Y, Chang K-S, Lee B-D, Chae H-S, Jang B-G (2004) Pigmentation and delayed oxidation of broiler chickens by the red carotenoid, astaxanthin, from chemical synthesis and the yeast, Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci. 17:1309–1314. LINK
Anon (2005) Livestock Marketing Information Services, Denver, CO.
ASAE (2003) Method of determining and expressing fineness of feed materials by sieving. Pages 588–592 in ASAE Standards. American Society Agricultural Engineers, 2950 Niles Rd., St. Joseph, MI 49085.
Baker DH (2003) Ideal amino acid patterns for broiler chicks. In D’Mello JPF (ed): Amino Acids in Animal Nutrition. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK, pp. 223–235. LINK
Batal AB, Dale NM (2006) True metabolizable energy and amino acid digestibility of distillers dried grains with solubles. J Appl Poult Res. 15:89–93. LINK
Bedford MR, Partridge GG (eds) (2001) Enzymes in Farm Animal Nutrition. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK. LINK
Bou R, Guardiola F, Barroeta AC, Codony R (2005) Effect of dietary fat sources and zinc and selenium supplements on the composition and consumer acceptability of chicken meat. Poult Sci. 84:1129–1140. LINK
Bou R, Guardiola F, Tres A, Barroeta AC, Codony R (2004) Effect of dietary fish oil, alpha-tocopheryl acetate, and zinc supplementation on the composition and consumer acceptability of chicken meat. Poult Sci. 83:282–292. LINK
Broz J, Beardsworth P (2002) Recent trends and future developments in the use of feed enzymes in poultry nutrition. In McNab JM, Boorman KN (eds): Poultry Feedstuffs Supply, Composition and Nutritive Value. Poult Sci Symp Ser No 26. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK, pp. 345–362. LINK
Carr B (2002) Carbohydrate chemistry of the feedstuffs used for poultry. In McNab JM, Boorman KN (eds): Poultry Feedstuffs Supply, Composition and Nutritive Value. Poult Sci Symp Ser No 26. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK, pp. 39–66. LINK
Castaneda MP, Hirschler EM Sams AR (2005) Skin pigmentation evaluation in broilers fed natural and synthetic pigments. Poult Sci. 84:143–147. LINK
Chartrin P, Meteau K, Juin H, Bernadet MD, Guy G, Larzul C, Remignon H, Mourot J, Duclos MJ, Baeza E (2006) Effects of intramuscular fat levels on sensory characteristics of duck breast meat. Poult Sci. 85:914–922. LINK
Collins N E, Moran ET Jr, Stilborn HL (2001) Influence of yellow dent corn hybrids having different kernel characteristics yet similar nutrient composition on broiler production. J Appl Poult Res. 10:228–235. LINK
Coon C, Leske K, Seo S (2002) The availability of calcium and phosphorus in feedstuffs. In McNab JM, Boorman KN (eds): Poultry Feedstuffs Supply, Composition and Nutritive Value. Poult Sci Symp Ser No 26. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK, pp. 151–180. LINK
Cortinas L, Villaverde C, Galobart J, Baucells MD, Codony R, Barroeta AC (2004) Fatty acid content in chicken thigh and breast as affected by dietary polyunsaturation level. Poult Sci. 83:1155–1164. LINK
D’Mello JPF (ed) (2000) Farm Animal Metabolism and Nutrition. CABI Publishing, New York. LINK
D’Mello JPF (ed) (2003) Amino Acids in Animal Nutrition. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK. LINK
Daghir NJ, Farran MT, Barbour GW, Beck MM (2003) Nutritive value of high-oil corn grown under semi-arid conditions and its impact on broiler performance and carcass composition. Poult Sci. 82:267–271. LINK
Fasina YO, Garlich JD, Classen HL, Ferket PR, Havenstein GB, Grimes JL, Qureshi MA, Christensent VL (2004) Response of turkey poults to soybean lectin levels typically encountered in commercial diets. 1. Effect on growth and nutrient digestibility. Poult Sci. 83:1559–1571. LINK
FASS (Federation of Animal Science Societies) (1999) Guide for the Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Agricultural Research and Teaching. Federation of Animal Science Societies, Savoy, IL.
Fatufe AA, Timmler R, Rodehutscord M (2004) Response to lysine intake in composition of body weight gain and efficiency of lysine utilization of growing male chickens from two genotypes. Poult Sci. 83:1314–1324. LINK
Fritts CA, Waldroup PW (2003) Effect of source and level of vitamin D on live performance and bone development in grower broilers. J Appl Poult Res. 12:45–2. LINK
Fuller MF (ed) (1991) In Vitro Digestion for Pigs and Poultry. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
Gabert VM, J.rgensen H, Nyachoti CM (2001) Bioavailability of amino acids in feedstuffs for swine. In Lewis AJ, Southern LL (eds), Swine Nutrition. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 151–186. LINK
Hartnell GF (2004) GM Crops–Shock Maker or Shock Breaker. Biennial Conference of the Flour Miller’s Council of Australia and the Stock Feed Manufacturers’ Council of Australia Proceedings, March 23–24, 2004, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 41–48.
Huang KH, Li X, Ravindran V, Bryden WL (2006) Comparison of apparent ileal amino acid digestibility of feed ingredients measured with broilers, layers, and roosters. Poult Sci. 85:625–634. LINK
Johnsen PB, Kelly CA (1990) A technique for the quantitative sensory evaluation of farm-raised catfish. J Sen Studies. 4:189–99. LINK
Kidd MT, Morgan GW Jr, Price CJ, Welch PA, Fontana EA (2001a) Enzyme supplementation to corn and soybean meal diets for broilers. J Appl Poult Res. 10:65–70. LINK
Kidd MT, Morgan GW Jr, Zumwalt CD, Price CJ, Welch PA, Brinkhaus FL, Fontana EA (2001b) α-Galactosidase enzyme supplementation to corn and soybean meal broiler diets. J Appl Poult Res. 10:186–193. LINK
Klasing KC (2000) Comparative Avian Nutrition. CABI International, Oxon, UK. LINK
Kocher A, Choct M, Ross G, Broz J, Chung T K (2003) Effects of enzyme combinations on apparent metabolizable energy of corn-soybean meal-based diets in broilers. J Appl Poult Res. 12:275–283. LINK
Lemme A, Ravindran V, Bryden WL (2004) Ileal digestibility of amino acids in feed ingredients for broilers. World’s Poult Sci J. 60:423–435.
Lumpkins BS, Batal AB (2005) The bioavailability of lysine and phosphorus in distillers dried grains with solubles. Poult Sci. 84:581–586. LINK
Lyon BG, Smith DP, Lyon CE, Savage EM (2004) Effects of diet and feed withdrawal on the sensory descriptive and instrumental profiles of broiler breast fillets. Poult Sci. 83:275–281. LINK
McNab JM (2000) Rapid metabolizable energy assays. In D’Mello JPF (ed): Farm Animal Metabolism and Nutrition. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK, pp. 307–316. LINK
Mead GC (2004) Poultry Meat Processing and Quality. CRC Press, London, UK.
Mehaffey JM, Pradhan SP, Meullenet JF, Emmert JL, McKee SR, Owens CM (2006) Meat quality evaluation of minimally aged broiler breast fillets from five commercial genetic strains. Poult Sci. 85:902–908. LINK
Meilgaard MC, Civille GV, Carr BT (1999) Sensory Evaluation Techniques, 3rd ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Meng X, Slominski BA, Nyachoti CM, Campbell LD, Guenter W (2005) Degradation of cell wall polysaccharides by combinations of carbohydrase enzymes and their effect on nutrient utilization and broiler chicken performance. Poult Sci. 84:37–47. LINK
Miles RD, Henry PR, Sampath VC, Shivazad M, Comer CW (2003) Relative bioavailability of novel amino acid chelates of manganese and copper for chicks. J Appl Poult Res. 12:417–423. LINK
Mountney GJ (1989) Poultry Products Technology. Foods Products Press, New York.
Northcutt JK (2006) Factors affecting poultry meat quality [accessed 2006 May 24], pp. 1–7. Available from: LINK
NRC (National Research Council) (1994) Nutrient Requirements of Poultry, 9th ed. National Academy Press, Washington DC. LINK
Onderci M, Sahin N, Sahin K, Cikim G, Aydin A, Ozercan I, Aydin S (2006) Efficacy of supplementation of a-amylase-producing bacterial culture on the performance, nutrient use, and gut morphology of broiler chickens fed a corn-based diet. Poult Sci. 85:505–510. LINK
Ouhida I, Perez JF, Anguita M, Gasa J (2002) Influence of b-mannase on broiler performance, digestibility, and intestinal fermentation. J Appl Poult Res. 11:244–249. LINK
Palmquist DL (2002) An appraisal of fats and fatty acids. In McNab JM, Boorman KN (eds): Poultry Feedstuffs Supply, Composition and Nutritive Value. Poult Sci Symp Ser No 26. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK, pp. 87–98. LINK
Parsons CM (2002) Digestibility and bioavailability of protein and amino acids. In McNab JM, Boorman KN (eds): Poultry Feedstuffs Supply, Composition and Nutritive Value. Poult Sci Symp Ser No 26. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK pp. 115–136. LINK
Ponte PIP, Ferreira LMA, Soares MAC, Aguiar MANM, Lemos JPC, Mendes I, Fontes CMGA (2004) Use of cellulases and xylanases to supplement diets containing alfalfa for broiler chicks: Effects on bird performance and skin color. J Appl Poult Res. 2004:412–420. LINK
Rodriguez ML, Ortiz LT, Alzueta C, Rebole A, Trevino J (2005) Nutritive value of high-oleic acid sunflower seed for broiler chickens. Poult Sci. 84:395–402. LINK
Sales J, Janssens GPJ (2003) The use of markers to determine energy metabolizability and nutrient digestibility in avian species. World’s Poult Sci J. 59:314–327.
Sams AR (2000) Poultry Meat Processing. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. LINK
Senkoylu N, Dale N (2006) Nutritional evaluation of a high-oil sunflower meal in broiler starter diets. J Appl Poult Res. 15:40–47. LINK
Shelton J L, Southern LL (2006) Effects of phytase addition with or without a trace mineral premix on growth performance, bone response variables, and tissue mineral concentrations in commercial broilers. J Appl Poult Res. 15:94–102. LINK
Silversides FG, Scott TA, Bedford MR (2004) The effect of phytase enzyme and level on nutrient extraction by broilers. Poult Sci. 83:985–989. LINK
Sirri F, Tallarico N, Meluzzi A, Franchini A (2003) Fatty acid composition and productive traits of broiler fed diets containing conjugated linoleic acid. Poult Sci. 82:1356–1361. LINK
Smithard R (2002) Secondary plant metabolites in poultry nutrition. In McNab JM, Boorman KN (eds): Poultry Feedstuffs Supply, Composition and Nutritive Value. Poult Sci Symp Ser No 26. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK, pp 237–278. LINK
Stone H, Sidel JL (2004) Sensory evaluation practices, 3rd ed. Food Science and Technology, International Series. Academic Press, New York. LINK
Taylor MA, George B, Hyun Y, Nemeth MA, Karunanandaa K, Lohrmann TT, Hartnell G F (2004) Broiler performance and carcass parameters of broiler fed diets containing lysine maize. Poult Sci. 83(Suppl. 1):315 (Abstr).
USDA-FAS (United States Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service) (2006) Livestock and Poultry: World Markets and Trade. Circular Series DL&P 1-06. United States Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, Washington, DC, pp. 1–26. LINK
Waldroup PW, Keen CA, Yan F, Zhang K (2006) The effect of levels a-galactosidase enzyme on performance of broilers fed diets based on corn and soybean meal. J Appl Poult Res. 15:48-57. LINK
Whitehead C (2002) Vitamins in Feedstuffs. In McNab JM, Boorman KN (eds): Poultry Feedstuffs Supply, Composition and Nutritive Value. Poult Sci Symp Ser No 26. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK, pp. 181–190. LINK
Wu YB, Ravindran V, Morel PCH, Hendriks WH, Pierce J (2004) Evaluation of a microbial phytase, produced by solid-state fermentation, in broiler diets. 1. Influence on performance, toe ash contents and phosphorus equivalency estimates. J Appl Poult Res. 13:373–383. LINK
Xu ZR, Wang MQ, Mao HX, Zhan XA, Hu CH (2003) Effects of l-carnitine on growth performance, carcass composition, and metabolism of lipids in male broilers. Poult Sci. 82:408–413. LINK
Yan F, Fritts CA, Waldroup PW (2003) Evaluation of modified dietary phosphorus levels with and without phytase supplementation on live performance and fecal phosphorus levels in broiler diets. 1. Full-term feeding recommendations. J Appl Poult Res. 12:174–182. LINK
Zhang, WF, Li DF, Lu WQ, Yi GF (2003) Effects of isomalto-oligosaccharides on broiler performance and intestinal microflora. Poult Sci. 82:657–663. LINK
Zornig WO, Pesti GM, Bakalli RI (2001) The essential fatty acid requirements of broilers. J Appl Poult Res. 10:41–45. LINK

Chapter 12: Protocols for Evaluating Feedstuffs with Genetically Modified Output Traits: Poultry Egg Production

Batal AB, Dale NM (2006) True metabolizable energy and amino acid digestibility of distillers dried grains with solubles. J Appl Poult Res. 15:89–93. LINK
Bean LD, Leeson S (2003) Long-term effects of feeding flaxseed on performance and egg fatty acid composition of brown and white hens. Poult Sci. 82:388–394. LINK
Bedford MR, Partridge GG (eds) (2001) Enzymes in Farm Animal Nutrition. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK. LINK
Broz J, Beardsworth P (2002) Recent trends and future developments in the use of feed enzymes in poultry nutrition. In McNab JM, Boorman KN (eds): Poultry Feedstuffs Supply, Composition and Nutritive Value. Poult Sci Symp Ser No 26. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK, pp. 345–362. LINK
Carr B (2002) Carbohydrate chemistry of the feedstuffs used for poultry. In McNab JM, Boorman KN (eds): Poultry Feedstuffs Supply, Composition and Nutritive Value. Poult Sci Symp Ser No 26. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK, pp. 39–66. LINK
Coon C, Leske K, Seo S (2002) The availability of calcium and phosphorus in feedstuffs. In McNab JM, Boorman KN (eds): Poultry Feedstuffs Supply, Composition and Nutritive Value. Poult Sci Symp Ser No 26. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK, pp. 151–180. LINK
D’Mello JPF (ed) (2000) Farm Animal Metabolism and Nutrition. CABI Publishing, New York. LINK
D’Mello JPF (ed) (2003) Amino Acids in Animal Nutrition. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK. LINK
Fasina YO, Garlich JD, Classen HL, Ferket PR, Havenstein GB, Grimes JL, Qureshi MA, Christensent VL (2004) Response of turkey poults to soybean lectin levels typically encountered in commercial diets. 1. Effect on growth and nutrient digestibility. Poult Sci. 83:1559–1571. LINK
FASS (Federation of Animal Science Societies) (1999) Guide for the Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Agricultural Research and Teaching. Federation of Animal Science Societies, Savoy, IL.
Filardi RDS, Junquerira OM, de Laurentiz AC, Casartelli EM, Rodrigues EA, Ara.jo LF (2005) Influence of different fat sources on the performance of egg quality, and lipid profile of egg yolks of commercial layers in the second laying cycle. J Appl Poult Res. 14:258–264. LINK
Fuller MF (ed) (1991) In Vitro Digestion for Pigs and Poultry. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
Hartnell GF (2004) GM Crops–Shock Maker or Shock Breaker. In Biennial Conference of the Flour Miller’s Council of Australia and the Stock Feed Manufacturers’ Council of Australia Proceedings, March 23-24, 2004, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 41–48.
Huang KH, Li X, Ravindran V, Bryden WL (2006) Comparison of apparent ileal amino acid digestibility of feed ingredients measured with broilers, layers, and roosters. Poult Sci. 85:625–634. LINK
Jacob J, Miles R (2000) Designer and Specialty Eggs. Univ Florida Extension, Inst Food Agric Sci FACTSHEET PS-51. LINK
Johnsen PB, Kelly CA (1990) A technique for the quantitative sensory evaluation of farm-raised catfish. J Sen Studies. 4:189–99. Klasing KC (2000) Comparative Avian Nutrition. CABI International, Oxon, UK. LINK
Lawless HT, Heymann H (1999) Sensory Evaluation of Food Principles and Practices. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York. LINK
Leeson S, Caston L (2004) Enrichment of eggs with lutein. Poult Sci. 83:1709–1712. LINK
Leeson S, Caston LJ (2003) Vitamin enrichment of eggs. J Appl Poult Res. 12:24–26. LINK
Lemme A, Ravindran V, Bryden WL (2004) Ileal digestibility of amino acids in feed ingredients for broilers. World’s Poult Sci J. 60:423–435.
Lumpkins BS, Batal AB (2005) The bioavailability of lysine and phosphorus in distillers dried grains with solubles. Poult Sci. 84:581–586. LINK
McNab JM (2000) Rapid metabolizable energy assays. In D’Mello JPF (ed): Farm Animal Metabolism and Nutrition. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK, pp. 307–316. LINK
Meilgaard MC, Civille GV, Carr BT (1999) Sensory Evaluation Techniques, 3rd ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Mori AV, Mendonca CX Jr, Almeida CRM, Pita MCG (2003) Supplementing hen diets with vitamins A and E affects egg yolk retinol and α-tocopherol levels. J Appl Poult Res. 12:106–114. LINK
Mountney GJ (1989) Poultry Products Technology. Foods Products Press, New York.
NRC (National Research Council) (1994) Nutrient Requirements of Poultry, 9th ed. National Academy Press, Washington DC. LINK
Palmquist DL (2002) An appraisal of fats and fatty acids. In McNab JM, Boorman KN (eds): Poultry Feedstuffs Supply, Composition and Nutritive Value. Poult Sci Symp Ser No 26. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK, pp. 87–98. LINK
Parsons CM (2002) Digestibility and bioavailability of protein and amino acids. In McNab JM, Boorman KN (eds): Poultry Feedstuffs Supply, Composition and Nutritive Value. Poult Sci Symp Ser No 26. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK, pp. 115–136. LINK
Sales J, Janssens GPJ (2003) The use of markers to determine energy metabolizability and nutrient digestibility in avian species. World’s Poult Sci J. 59:314–327. LINK
Sims JS (1998) Designer eggs and their nutritional and functional significance. World Rev Nutr Diet. 83:89–101. LINK
Smithard R (2002) Secondary plant metabolites in poultry nutrition. In McNab JM, Boorman KN (eds): Poultry Feedstuffs Supply, Composition and Nutritive Value. Poult Sci Symp Ser No 26. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK, pp. 237–278. LINK
Stone H, Sidel JL (2004) Sensory evaluation practices, 3rd ed. Food Science and Technology, International Series. Academic Press, New York. LINK
Taha FA (2003) World Consumption and Production of Eggs. The Poultry Sector in Middle-income Countries and its Food Requirements: The Case in Egypt. Outlook Rep No. (WRS03-02), pp. 13–14. LINK
The Poultry Site (2005) [accessed 29 May 2006] Available from: LINK
Whitehead C (2002) Vitamins in Feedstuffs. In McNab JM, Boorman KN (eds): Poultry Feedstuffs Supply, Composition and Nutritive Value. Poult Sci Symp Ser No 26. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK, pp. 181–190. LINK
Zornig WO, Pesti GM, Bakalli RI (2001) The essential fatty acid requirements of broilers. J Appl Poult Res. 10:41–45. LINK

Chapter 13: Protocols for Evaluating Feedstuffs with Genetically Modified Output Traits: Swine

Aberle ED, Forrest JC, Gerrard DE, Mills EW, Hedrick HB, Judge ME, Merkel RA (2001) Principles of Meat Science. Kendall Hunt, Dubuque, IA. LINK
Adeola O (2001) Digestion and balance techniques in pigs. In Lewis AJ, Southern LL (eds): Swine nutrition. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 903–916. LINK
AMSA (American Meat Science Association) (1995) Research Guidelines for Cookery, Sensory Evaluation, and Instrumental Tenderness Measurements of Fresh Meat. American Meat Science Association, Chicago, IL.
Ammerman CB, Baker DH, Lewis AJ (1995) Bioavailability of Nutrients for Animals. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. LINK
Anon (2005) Livestock Marketing Information Services, Denver, CO.
FASS (Federation of Animal Science Societies) (1999) Guide for the Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Agricultural Research and Teaching. Federation of Animal Science Societies, Savoy, IL.
Fuller MF (ed) (1991) In vitro digestion for pigs and poultry. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
Gabert VM, J.rgensen H, Nyachoti CM (2001) Bioavailability of amino acids in feedstuffs for swine. In Lewis AJ, Southern LL (eds), Swine nutrition. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 151–186. LINK
NPPC (2000) Pork composition and quality assessment procedures. National Pork Producers Council, Des Moines, IA.
NRC (National Research Council) (1998) Nutrient requirements of swine, 10th ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. LINK

Chapter 14: Protocols for Evaluating Feedstuffs with Genetically Modified Output Traits: Lactating Ruminants

Adams AL, Harris B Jr, Van Horn HH, Wilcox CJ (1995) Effects of varying forage types on milk production responses to whole cottonseed, tallow, and yeast. J Dairy Sci. 78:573–581. LINK
Al-Mabruk RM, Beck NFG, Dewhurst RJ (2004) Effects of silage species and supplemental vitamin E on the oxidative stability of milk. J Dairy Sci. 87:406–412. LINK
Atwal AS, Hidiroglou M, Kramer JKG, Binns MR (1990) Effects of feeding alpha-tocopherol and calcium salts of fatty acids on vitamin and fatty acid composition of cow’s milk. J Dairy Sci. 73:2832–2841.
Bach A, Calsamiglia S, Stern MD (2005) Nitrogen metabolism in the rumen. J Dairy Sci. 88(E. Suppl.):E9–E21. LINK
Baer RJ, Ryali J, Schingoethe DJ, Kasperson KM, Donovan DC, Hippen AR, Franklin ST (2001) Composition and properties of milk and butter from cows fed fish oil. J Dairy Sci. 84:345–353. LINK
Bargo F, Muller LD, Kolver ES, Delahoy JE (2003) Invited review: Production and digestion of supplemented dairy cows on pasture. J Dairy Sci. 86:1–42. LINK
Batajoo KK, Shaver RD (1994) Impact of nonfiber carbohydrates on intake, digestion, and milk production by dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 77:1580–1588. LINK
Bath DL, Dickinson FN, Tucker HA, Appleman RD (eds) (1985) Dairy Cattle: Principles, Practices, Problems, Profits. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, PA.
Beauchemin KA, Rode LM, Yang WZ (1997) Effects of nonstructural carbohydrates and source of cereal grain in high concentrate diets of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 80:1640–1650. LINK
Beckman JL, Weiss WP (2005) Nutrient digestibility of diets with different fiber to starch ratios when fed to lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 88:1015–1023. LINK
Ben-Ghedalia D, Miron J, Yosef E (1996) Apparent digestibility of minerals by lactating cows from a total mixed ration supplemented with poultry litter. J Dairy Sci. 79:454–458. LINK
Bequette BJ, Backwell FRC, Crompton LA (1998) Current concepts of amino acid and protein metabolism in the mammary gland of the lactating ruminant. J Dairy Sci. 81:2540–2559. LINK
Bernard JK, Delost RC, Mueller FJ, Miller JK, Miller WM (1991) Effect of wet or dry corn gluten feed on nutrient digestibility and milk yield and composition. J Dairy Sci. 74:3913–3919. LINK
Berzaghi P, Herbein JH, Polan CE (1996) Intake, site and extent of nutrient digestion in lactating cows grazing pasture. J Dairy Sci. 79:1581–1589. LINK
Blackwelder JT, Hopkins BA, Diaz DE, Whitlow LW, Brownie C (1998) Milk production and plasma gossypol of cows fed cottonseed and oilseed meals with or without rumen-undegradable protein. J Dairy Sci. 81:2934–2941. LINK
Bodyfelt FW, Tobias J, Trout GM (1988) Sensory Evaluation of Dairy Products. Van Nostrand/AVI Publishing, New York.
Bowman GR, Beauchemin KA, Shelford JA (2002) The proportion of the diet to which fibrolytic enzymes are added affects nutrient digestion by lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 85:3420–3429. LINK
Bowman GR, Beauchemin KA, Shelford JA (2003) Fibrolytic enzymes and parity effects on feeding behavior, salivation, and ruminal pH of lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 86:565–575. LINK
Broderick GA, Mertens DR, Simons R (2002) Efficacy of carbohydrate sources for milk production by cows fed diets based on alfalfa silage. J Dairy Sci. 85:1767–1776. LINK
Broster WH, Phipps RH, Johnson CL (eds) (1986) Principles and Practice of Feeding Dairy Cows Technical Bulletin 8. NIRD, Reading, UK.
Brzezinska-Slebodzinska E, Miller JK, Quigley JD, Moore JR, Madsen FC (1994) Antioxidant status of dairy cows supplemented prepartum with vitamin E and selenium. J Dairy Sci. 77:3087–3095. LINK
Canale CJ, Muller LD, McCahon HA, Whitsel TJ, Varga GA, Lormore MJ (1990) Dietary fat and ruminally protected amino acids for high producing dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 73:135–141. LINK
Casper DP, Schingoethe DJ, Eisenbeisz WA (1990) Response of early lactation cows to diets that vary in ruminal degradability of carbohydrates and amount of fat. J Dairy Sci. 73:425–444. LINK
Charbonneau E, Chouinard PY, Allard G, Lapierre H, Pellerin D (2006) Milk from forage as affected by carbohydrate source and degradability with alfalfa silage-based diets. J Dairy Sci. 89:283–293. LINK
Chen KH, Huber JT, Simas J, Theurer CB, Yu P, Chan SC, Santos FAP, Wu Z, Swingle RS, DePeters EJ (1995) Effect of enzyme treatment or steam-flaking of sorghum grain on lactation and digestion in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 78: 1721–1727. LINK
Chilliard Y, Ferlay A, Rouel J, Lamberet G (2003) A review of nutritional and physiological factors affecting goat milk lipid synthesis and lipolysis. J Dairy Sci. 86:1751–770. LINK
Cochran RC, Galyean ML (1994) Measurement of in vivo forage digestion by ruminants. In Fahey GC, Collins M, Mertens DR, Moser LE (eds): Forage Quality, Evaluation, and Utilization. American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, pp. 613–643.
Cochran WG, Cox GM (1957) Experimental Designs, 2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Coulon JB, Delacroix-Buchet A, Martin B, Pirisi A (2004) Relationships between ruminant management and sensory characteristics of cheeses: A review. Lait. 84:221–241. LINK
Coulon, JB, Delacroix-Buchet A, Martin B, Pirisi A (2005) Facteurs de production et qualit. sensorielle des fromages. INRA, Prod Anim. 18:49–62. LINK
D’Mello JPF (ed) (2000) Farm Animal Metabolism and Nutrition. CABI Publishing, New York. LINK
Dado RG, Allen MS (1996) Enhanced intake and production of cows offered ensiled alfalfa with higher neutral detergent fiber digestibility. J Dairy Sci. 79:418–428. LINK
Delahunty CM, Drake MA (2004) Sensory character of cheese and its evaluation. In Fox PF, McSweeney PLH, Cogan TM, Guinee TP (eds): Cheese: Chemistry, Physics and Microbiology, Vol 1 General Aspects. Elsevier, London, pp. 455–487. LINK
DePeters EJ, Cant JP (1992) Nutritional factors influencing the nitrogen composition of bovine milk: A review. J Dairy Sci. 75:2043–2070. LINK
Doepel L, Pacheco D, Kennelly JJ, Hanigan MD, Lopez IF, Lapierre H (2004) Milk protein synthesis as a function of amino acid supply. J Dairy Sci. 87:1279–1297. LINK
Doreau M, Ottou JF (1996) Influence of niacin supplementation on in vivo digestibility and ruminal digestion in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 79:2247–2254. LINK
Drackley JK, Beaulieu AD, Elliott JP (2001) Responses of milk fat composition to dietary fat or nonstructural carbohydrates in Holstein and jersey cows. J Dairy Sci. 84:1231–1237. LINK
Drake MA (2004) Defining dairy flavors. J Dairy Sci. 87:777–784. LINK
Drake MA, Civille GV (2003) Flavor Lexicons. Comp Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 2:33–40. LINK
Drake MA, Karagul-Yuceer Y, Cadwallader KR, Civille GV, Tong PS (2003) Determination of the sensory attributes of dried milk powders and dairy ingredients. J Sens Stud. 18:199–216. LINK
Elliott JP, Drackley JK, Weigel DJ (1996) Digestibility and effects of hydrogenated palm fatty acid distillate in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 79:1031–1039. LINK
Ensminger ME, Oldfield JE, Heinemann WW (1990) Feeds & Nutrition Digest, 2nd ed. The Ensminger Publishing Company, Clovis, CA.
Eun J-S, Beauchemin KA (2005) Effects of a proteolytic feed enzyme on intake, digestion, ruminal fermentation, and milk production. J Dairy Sci. 88:2140–2153. LINK
FAOSTAT database (2005) Available from: LINK
Feng P, Hoover WH, Miller JK, Blauwiekel R (1993) Interactions of fiber and nonstructural carbohydrates on lactation and ruminal function. J Dairy Sci. 76:1324–1333. LINK
Friggens N, Emmans GC, Robertson S, Chamberlain DG, Whittemore CT, Oldham JD (1995) The lactational responses of dairy cows to amount of feed and to the source of carbohydrate energy. J Dairy Sci. 78:1734- 1744. LINK
Gonthier C, Mustafa AF, Berthiaume R, Petit HV, Martineau R, Ouellet DR (2004) Effects of feeding micronized and extruded flaxseed on ruminal fermentation and nutrient utilization by dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 87:1854–1863. LINK
Grummer RR (1991) Effect of feed on the composition of milk fat. J Dairy Sci. 74:3244–3257. LINK
Grummer RR, Slark K, Bertics SJ, Luck ML, Barmore JA (1996) Soybeans versus animal sources of rumen degradable protein and fat for early lactation dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 79:1809–1816. LINK
Hammond BG, Vicini JL, Hartnell GF, Naylor MW, Knight CD, Robinson EH, Fuchs RL, Padgette SR (1996) The feeding value of soybeans fed to rats, chickens, catfish and dairy cattle is not altered by genetic incorporation of glyphosate tolerance. J Nutr. 126:717–727. LINK
Hartnell GF (2004) GM Crops – Shock Maker or Shock Breaker. In Biennial Conference of the Flour Miller’s Council of Australia and the Stock Feed Manufacturers’ Council of Australia Proceedings, March 23–24, 2004, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 41–48.
Hartnell GF, Hatfield RD, Mertens DR, Martin NP (2005) Potential benefits of plant modification of alfalfa and corn silage to dairy diets. In Proceedings of the 20th Annual Southwest Nutrition and Management Conference, Tempe, AZ, pp. 156– 172.
Harvatine DI, Firkins JL, Eastridge ML (2002) Whole cottonseed as a forage substitute fed with ground or steam-flaked corn: Digestibility and performance. J Dairy Sci. 85:1976–1987. LINK
Hutjens MF (2005) Feed efficiency and its economic impact on large herds. In Proceedings of the 20th Annual Southwest Nutrition and Management Conference, Tempe, AZ.
Ivan SK, Grant RJ, Weakley D, Beck J (2005) Comparison of a corn silage hybrid with high cell-wall content and digestibility with a hybrid of lower cell-wall content on performance of Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci. 88:244–254. LINK
Jones DF, Weiss WP, Palmquist DL (2000) Short communication: Influence of dietary tallow and fish oil on milk fat composition. J Dairy Sci. 83:2024–2026. LINK
Jurgens MH (2002) Animal Feeding and Nutrition, 9th ed. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Co, Dubuque, IA.
Kellems RO, Church DC (2002) Livestock Feeds & Feeding, 5th ed. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. LINK
Kincaid RL, Garikipati DK, Nennich TD, Harrison JH (2005) Effect of grain source and exogenous phytase on phosphorus digestibility in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 88:2893–2902. LINK
Knowlton KF, McKinney JM, Cobb C (2002) Effect of direct-fed fibrolytic enzyme formulation on nutrient intake, partitioning, and excretion in early and late lactation Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci. 85:3328–3335. LINK
Korhonen M, Vanhatalo A, Huhtanen P (2002) Effect of protein source on amino acid supply, milk production, and metabolism of plasma nutrients in dairy cows fed grass silage. J Dairy Sci. 85:3336– 3351. LINK
Kung L, Cohen MA, Rode LM, Treacher RJ (2002) The effect of fibrolytic enzymes sprayed onto forages and fed in a total mixed ratio to lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 85:2396–2402. LINK
Kung L, Treacher RJ, Nauman GA, Smagala AM, Endres KM, Cohen MA (2000) The effect of treating forages with fibrolytic enzymes on its nutritive value and lactation performance of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 83:115–122. LINK
Lawless HT, Heymann H (1999) Sensory Evaluation of Food Principles and Practices. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York. LINK
Leiva E, Hall MB, Van Horn HH (2000) Performance of dairy cattle fed citrus pulp or corn products as sources of neutral detergent-soluble carbohydrates. J Dairy Sci. 83:–866-2875. LINK
Majee DN, Schwab CG, Bertics SJ, Seymour WM, Shaver RD (2003) Lactation performance by dairy cows fed supplemental biotin and a B-vitamin blend. J Dairy Sci. 86:2106–2112. LINK
Martin B, Verdier-Metz I, Buchin S, Hurtaud C, Coulon JB (2005) How do the nature of forages and pasture diversity influence the sensory quality of dairy livestock products? Anim Sci. 81:205–212. LINK
McAllister TA, Hristov AN, Beauchemin KA, Rode LM, Cheng K-J (2001) Enzymes in ruminant diets. In Bedford MR Partridge GG (eds): Enzymes in Farm Animal Nutrition. CABI Publishing, Cambridge, UK, pp. 273–298 LINK
Meilgaard MC, Civille GV, Carr BT (1999) Sensory Evaluation Techniques, 3rd ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Minor DJ, Trower SL, Strang BD, Shaver RD, Grummer RR (1998) Effects of nonfiber carbohydrate and niacin on periparturient metabolic status and lactation of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 81:189–200. LINK
Miron J, Yosef E, Ben-Ghedalia D, Chase LE, Bauman DE, Solomon R (2002) Digestibility by dairy cows of monosaccharide constituents in total mixed rations containing citrus pulp. J Dairy Sci. 85:89–94. LINK
Montgomery DC (2001) Design and Analysis of Experiments, 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
NRC (National Research Council) (2001) Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. LINK
NRC (National Research Council) (2007) Nutrient Requirements of Small Ruminants: Sheep, Goats, Cervids, and New World Camelids. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. LINK
Oba M, Allen MS (2000) Effects of brown midrib 3 mutation in corn silage on productivity of dairy cows fed two concentrations of dietary neutral detergent fiber: 3. Digestibility and microbial efficiency. J Dairy Sci. 83:1350–1358. LINK
Ouellet DR, Lapierre H, Chiquette J (2003) Effects of corn silage processing and amino acid supplementation on the performance of lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 86:3675–3684. LINK
Owens F, Soderlund S, Hinds M (2002) Developing new specialty grains for ruminants. In Proceedings 13th Annual Florida Ruminant Nutrition Symposium, pp. 48–70. LINK
Palmquist DL (1991) Influence of source and amount of dietary fat on digestibility in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 74:1354–1360. LINK
Palmquist DL, Beaulieu AD, Barbano DM (1993) Feed and animal factors influencing milk fat composition. J Dairy Sci. 76:1753–1771. LINK
Pantoja J, Firkins JL, Eastridge ML (1996) Fatty acid digestibility and lactation performance by dairy cows fed fats varying in degree of saturation. J Dairy Sci. 79:429–437. LINK
Park AF, Shirley JE, Titgemeyer EC, Meyer MJ, VanBaale MJ, VandeHaar MJ (2002) Effect of protein level in prepartum diets on metabolism and performance of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 85:1815–1828. LINK
Pruekvimolphan S, Grummer RR (2001) Lactation responses to sulfur-containing amino acids from feather meal or rumen-protected methionine. J Dairy Sci. 84:2515–2522. LINK
Qiu X, Eastridge ML, Wang Z (2003) Effects of corn silage hybrid and dietary concentration of forage ndf on digestibility and performance by dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 86:3667–3674. LINK
Ramaswamy N, Baer RJ, Schingoethe DJ, Hippen AR, Kasperson KM, Whitlock LA (2001) Composition and flavor of milk and butter from cows fed fish oil, extruded soybeans, or their combination. J Dairy Sci. 84:2144–2151. LINK
Ruppert LD, Drackley JK, Bremmer DR, Clark JH (2003) Effects of tallow in diets based on corn silage or alfalfa silage on digestion and nutrient use by lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 86:593–609. LINK
Sannes RA, Messman MA, Vagnoni DB (2002) Form of rumen-degradable carbohydrate and nitrogen on microbial protein synthesis and protein efficiency of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 85:900–908. LINK
Santini FJ, Lu CD, Potchoiba MJ, Fernandez JM, Coleman SW (1992) Dietary fiber and milk yield, mastication, digestion, and rate of passage in goats fed alfalfa hay. J Dairy Sci. 75:209–219. LINK
Santos FAP, Santos JEP, Theurer CB, Huber JT (1998) Effects of rumen-degradable protein on dairy cow performance: A 12-year literature review. J Dairy Sci. 81:3182–3213. LINK
Schingoethe DJ, Stegeman GA, Treacher RJ (1999) Response of lactating dairy cows to a cellulase and xylanase enzyme mixture applied to forages at the time of feeding. J Dairy Sci. 82:996–1003. LINK
Schmidely P, Lloret-Pujol M, Bas P, Rouzeau A, Sauvant D (1999) Influence of feed intake and source of dietary carbohydrate on milk yield and composition, nitrogen balance, and plasma constituents of lactating goats. J Dairy Sci. 82:747–755. LINK
Speedy A, Sansoury R (Eds) (1991) Feeding Dairy Cows in the Tropics. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. LINK
Stern MD, Bach A, Calsamiglia S (1997) Alternative techniques for measuring nutrient digestion in ruminants. J Anim Sci. 75:2256–2276. LINK
Stobbs T, Sandland RL (1972) The use of a Latin square change-over design with dairy cows to detect differences in the quality of tropical pastures. Austr J Exp Agric Anim Husb. 12:463–469. LINK
Stone H, Sidel JL (2004) Sensory Evaluation Practices, 3rd ed. Food Science and Technology, International Series. Academic Press, New York. LINK
Sullivan JL, Huber JT, Price RL, Harper JM (1993) Comparison of digestibility, nutritive value, and storage characteristics of different forms of cottonseed in diets fed to lactating dairy cows. J Anim Sci. 71:2837–2842. LINK
Sutton JD, Phipps RH, Beever DE, Humphries DJ, Hartnell GF, Vicini JL, Hard DL (2003) Effect of method of application of a fibrolytic enzyme product on digestive processes and milk production in Holstein-Friesian cows. J Dairy Sci. 86:546–556. LINK
Taylor CC, Allen MS (2005) Corn grain endosperm type and brown midrib 3 corn silage: Site of digestion and ruminal digestion kinetics in lactating cows. J Dairy Sci. 88:1413–1424. LINK
Teh TH, Trung LT, Jia ZH, Gipson TA, Ogden KB, Sweeney TF (1994) Varying amounts of rumen inert fat for high producing goats in early lactation. J Dairy Sci. 77:253–258. LINK
Tempelman RJ (2004) Experimental design and statistical methods for classical and bioequivalence hypothesis testing with an application to dairy nutrition studies. J Anim Sci. 82:E162–E172. LINK
Van Horn HH, Wilcox CJ (Eds) (1992) Large Dairy Herd Management. American Dairy Science Association, Urbana, IL.
Van Soest PJ (1982) Nutritional Ecology of the Ruminant, 2nd ed. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca, NY.
Van Straalen WM, Dooper FMH, Antoniewicz AM, Kosmala I, Van Vuuren AM (1993) Intestinal digestibility in dairy cows of protein from grass and other measured with mobile nylon bag and other methods. J Dairy Sci. 76:2970–2981. LINK
Vicini JL, Bateman HG, Bhat MK, Clark JH, Erdman RA, Phipps RH, Van Amburgh ME, Hartnell GF, Hintz RL, Hard DL (2003) Effect of feeding supplemental fibrolytic enzymes or soluble sugars with malic acid on milk production. J Dairy Sci. 86:576–585. LINK
Ward AT, Wittenberg KM, Przybylski R (2002) Bovine milk fatty acid profiles produced by feeding diets containing solin flax and canola. J Dairy Sci. 85:1191–1196. LINK
Weiss WP (1994) Estimation of digestibility of forages by laboratory methods. In Fahey, GC, Collins M, Mertens DR, Moser LE (Eds): Forage Quality, Evaluation, and Utilization. American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, pp. 644–681.
Weiss WP (2001) Effect of dietary vitamin C on concentrations of ascorbic acid in plasma and milk. J Dairy Sci. 84:2302–2307. LINK
Weiss WP (2004) Macromineral digestion by lactating dairy cows: Factors affecting digestibility of magnesium. J Dairy Sci. 87:2167–2171. LINK
Weiss WP, Wyatt DJ (2000) Effect of oil content and kernel processing of corn silage on digestibility and milk production by dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 83:351–358. LINK
Weiss WP, Wyatt DJ (2003) Effect of dietary fat and vitamin E on alpha-tocopherol in milk from dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 86:3582–3591. LINK
Yang WZ, Beauchemin KA, Rode LM (2000) A comparison of methods of adding fibrolytic enzymes to lactating cow diets. J Dairy Sci. 83:2512–2520. LINK

Chapter 15: Protocols for Evaluating Feedstuffs with Genetically Modified Output Traits: Growing and Finishing Ruminants

Aberle ED, Forrest JC, Gerrard DE, Mills EW, Hedrick HB, Judge MD, Merkel RA (2001) Principles of Meat Science. Kendall Hunt, Dubuque, IA. LINK
Arieli A, Shahar K, Mabjeesh SJ, Zamwel S, and Sklan D (1999) Estimation of the digestible energy of ruminant feedstuffs by the combined bag technique. J Dairy Sci. 82:566–573. LINK
Broderick GA, Merchen NR (1992) Markers for quantifying microbial protein synthesis in the rumen. J Dairy Sci. 75:2618–2632. LINK
Croston D, Pallott G (1994) Planned Sheep Production. Iowa State University Press, Ames IA.
Damron BL (2003) Feed flavoring for poultry. Animal Science Department Publication AN140, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL [accessed 2006 May]. Available from: http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/AN140.
FAOSTAT data (2005). Available from: LINK.
FASS (Federation of Animal Science Societies) (1999) Guide for the Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Agricultural Research and Teaching. FASS, Savoy, IL.
Field TG, Taylor RW (2002) Beef Production and Management Decisions. Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
Goff SA, Klee HJ (2006) Plant volatile compounds: Sensory clues for health and nutritional value? Science. 311:815–819. LINK
Ferrell CL (2004) Nutrient requirements: Ruminants. In Pond WG, Bell AW (eds): Encyclopedia of Animal Science. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, NY, pp. 678-680.
Field TG, Taylor RW (2002) Beef Production and Management Decisions, Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River NJ. LINK
Larson DA (1995) Dietary preference and its relationship to feed intake. In Symposium: Intake by Feedlot Cattle. Okla. Agric. Exp. Stn. P-942. Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, pp. 312–325.
Mayland HF (2002) Clues on cues used by grazing animals. USDA/ARS [accessed 2006 May]. Available from: LINK.
Merchen N (1988) Digestion, absorption and excretion in ruminants. In Church DC (ed): The Ruminant Animal Digestive Physiology and Nutrition. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
NRC (National Research Council) Update (2000) Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. LINK
NRC (National Research Council) (2007) Nutrient Requirements of Small Ruminants: Sheep, Goats, Cervids, and New World Camelids. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. LINK
Owens FN, Hanson CF (1992) External and internal markers for appraising site and extent of digestion in ruminants. J Dairy Sci. 75:2605–2617. LINK
Preston TR (1986) Better utilization of crop residues and by-products in animal feeding: research guidelines. 2. A practical manual for research workers. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper 50/2. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy [accessed 2006 May 2006]. Available from: LINK.
Provenza FD (1996) Acquired aversions as the basis for varied diet of ruminants foraging on rangelands. J Anim Sci. 74:2010–2020. LINK
Stern MD, Bach A, Calsamiglia S (1997) Alternative techniques for measuring nutrient digestion in ruminants. J Anim Sci. 75:2256–2276. LINK
Vanzant ES, Cochran RC, Titgemeyer EC (1998) Standardization of in situ techniques for ruminant feedstuff evaluation. J Anim Sci. 76:2717–2729. LINK

Chapter 16: Protocols for Evaluating Feedstuffs with Genetically Modified Output Traits: Aquaculture

Adelizi PD, Rosati RR, Warner K, Wu YV, Muench TR, White MR, Brown PB (1998) Evaluation of fishmeal free diets for rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquacult Nutr. 4:255–262. LINK
Aksnes A (1995) Growth, feed efficiency and slaughter quality of salmon, Salmo salar L., given diets with different ratios of carbohydrate and protein. Aquacult Nutr. 1:241–248. LINK
Aksnes A, Hjertnes T, Opstvedt J (1996) Comparison of two assay methods for determination of nutrient and energy digestibility in fish. Aquaculture. 140:343–359. LINK
Andersen F, Lorentzen M, Waagb. R, Maage A (1997) Bioavailability and interactions with other micronutrients of three dietary sources in Atlantic salmon, (Salmo salar) smolts. Aquacult Nutr. 3:239–246. LINK
Apines MJ, Satoh S, Kiron V, Watanabe T, Nasu N, Fujita S (2001) Bioavailability of amino acids chelated and glass embedded zinc to rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, fingerlings. Aquacult Nutr. 7:221–228. LINK
Austreng E (1978) Digestibility determination in fish using chromic oxide marking and analysis of contents from different segments of the gastrointestinal tract. Aquaculture. 13:265–272.
Bell MV, Batty RS, Dick JR, Fretwell K, Navarro JC, Sargent JR (1995) Dietary deficiency of docosahexaenoic acid impairs vision at low light intensities in juvenile herring (Clupea harengus L.). Lipids. 30:443–449. LINK
Benzie IFF (1996) Lipid peroxidation: A review of causes, consequences, measurement and dietary influences. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 47:233–261. LINK
Bjerkeng B, Hamre K, Hatlen B, Wathne E (1999) Astaxanthin deposition in fillets of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. Fed two dietary levels of astaxanthin in combination with three levels of alpha-tocopherol acetate. Aquacult Res. 30:637–646. LINK
Bransden MP, Carter CG (1999) Effect of processing soybean meal on the apparent digestibility of practical diets for the greenback flounder Rhombosolea tapirina (Günther). Aquacult Res. 30:719–723. LINK
Bronstad I, Bjerk.s I, Waagb. R (2002) The need for riboflavin supplementation in high and low energy diets for Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. parr. Aquacult Nutr. 8:209–220. LINK
Brown P (1993) Comparison of fecal collection methods for determining phosphorus absorption in rainbow trout. In Kaushik S, Luquet P (eds): Fish Nutrition in Practice. INRA, Paris, pp. 443–447.
Brunson JF, Romaire RP, Reigh RC (1997) Apparent digestibility of selected ingredients in diets for white shrimp Penaeus setiferus L. Aquacult Nutr. 3:9–16. LINK
Bureau DP, Kaushik SJ, Cho CY (2002) Bioenergetics. In Halver JE, Hardy RW (eds): Fish Nutrition. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 2–61.
Cho CY, Kaushik SJ (1990) Nutritional energetics in fish: Energy utilization and protein utilization in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). World Rev Nutr Diet. 61:132–172. LINK
Cho CY, Slinger SJ, Bayley HS (1982) Bioenergetics of salmonid fishes: Energy intake, expenditure and productivity. Comp Biochem Physiol. 73B:25–41.
Dabrowski K, Guderley H (2002) Intermediary metabolism. In Halver JE, Hardy RW (eds): Fish Nutrition. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 310–367.
Davis DA, Arnold CR, McCallum I (2002) Nutritional value of feed peas (Pisum sativum) in practical diet formulations for Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquacult Nutr. 8:87–94.
Delgado CL, Wada N, Rosegrant MW, Meijer S, Ahmend M (2003) Outlook for fish to 2020: Meeting global demand A 2020 Vision for Food, Agriculture, and the Environment Initiative. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC. LINK
Einen O, Roem AJ (1997) Dietary protein/energy ratios for Atlantic salmon in relation to fish size: Growth, feed utilization and slaughter quality. Aquacult Nutr. 3:115–126. LINK
FAO (2004) The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2004. Sofia. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. LINK
Francis G, Makkar HPS, Becker K (2001) Antinutritional factors present in plant-derived alternate fish feed ingredients and their effects in fish. Aquaculture. 199:197–227. LINK
Gatlin III, DM, Phillips HF (1989) Dietary calcium, phytate and zinc interactions in channel catfish. Aquaculture. 79:259–266. LINK
Glencross B, Curnow J, Hawkins W, Kissil GWM, Peterson D (2003a) Evaluation of the feed value of a transgenic strain of the narrow-leaf lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) in the diet of the marine fish, Pagrus auratus. Aquacult Nutr. 9:197–206. LINK
Glencross B, Hawkins W, Curnow J (2003b) Evaluation of canola oils as alternative lipid resources in diets for juvenile red seabream, Pagrus auratus. Aquacult Nutr. 9:305–315. LINK
Glencross BD, Smith DM (2001) Optimizing the essential fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid, in the diet of the prawn, Penaeus monodon. Aquacult Nutr. 7:101–112. LINK
Goddard S (1996) Feed Management in Intensive Aquaculture. Chapman and Hall, New York.
Gomes EF, Rema P, Kaushik SJ (1995) Replacement of fish meal by plant proteins in the diet of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Digestibility and growth performance. Aquaculture. 130:177–186. LINK
Halver JE (2002) The vitamins. In Halver JE, Hardy RW (eds): Fish Nutrition. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 62–143.
Halver JE, Hardy RW (2002) Nutrient flow and retention. In Halver, JE Hardy RW (eds): Fish Nutrition. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 756–770.
Hamre K, Christiansen R, Waagb. R, Maage A, Torstensen BE, Lygren B, Lie O, Wathne E, Albrektsen S (2004) Antioxidant vitamins, minerals and lipid levels in diets for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar, L.): Effects on growth performance and fillet quality. Aquacult Nutr. 10:113–123. LINK
Hardy RW (1998) Feeding salmon and trout. In Lovell T (ed): Nutrition and Feeding of Fish. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, MA, pp 175–197.
Hardy RW (2002) Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. In Webster CD, Lim CE (eds): Nutrient Requirements and Feeding of Finfish for Aquaculture. CABI Publishing, New York, pp. 184–202. LINK
Hardy RW, Barrows FT (2002) Diet formulation and manufacture. In Halver JE, Hardy RW (eds): Fish Nutrition. 3rd ed. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 506–601.
Heinsbroek LTN, Tijssen PAT, Flach RB, De Jong GDC (1993) Energy and nitrogen balance studies in fish. In Kaushik S, Luquet P (eds): Fish Nutrition in Practice. INRA, Paris, pp. 375–389.
Hemre G-I, Sandnes K (1999) Effect of dietary lipid level on muscle composition in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. Aquacult Nutr. 5:9–16. LINK
Hemre G-I, Sandnes K, Lie O, Torrisen O, Waagb. R (1995) Carbohydrate nutrition in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.: Growth and feed utilization. Aquacult Res. 26:149–154. LINK
Hillestad M, Johnsen F (1994) High-energy/lowprotein diets for Atlantic salmon: Effects on growth, nutrient retention and slaughter quality. Aquaculture. 124:109–116. LINK
Ishikawa M, Teshima S, Kanazawa A, Koshio S (1996) Evacuation of inert markers in digestibility determination, 5 alpha-cholestane and chromic oxide, in the prawn Penaeus japonicus. Fish Sci. 62:229–234. LINK
Johnsen PB, Dupree HK (1991) Influence of feed ingredients on the flavor quality of farm-raised catfish. Aquaculture. 96:139–150. LINK
Johnsen PB, Kelly CA (1990) A technique for the quantitative sensory evaluation of farm-raised catfish. J Sen Stud. 4:189 –199. LINK
Korsager M (2004) Commercial implications to the European fishmeal and fish oil industry. EU Workshop, March 9, 2004, Brussels, Belgium.
Lall SP (2002) The minerals. In Halver JE, Hardy RW (eds): Fish Nutrition. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 260–301.
Li MH (1998) Feed formulation and processing. In Lovell T (ed): Nutrition and Feeding of Fish. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, MA, pp. 135–152. LINK
Lie O, Sandvin A, Waagb. R (1993) Influence of dietary fatty acids on the lipid composition of lipoproteins in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Fish Physiol Biochem. 12:249–260.
Lim CE (1998) Feeding penaeid shrimp. In Lovell T (ed): Nutrition and Feeding of Fish. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, MA, pp. 227–248. LINK
Ling EN, Cotter D (2003) Statistical power in comparative aquaculture studies. Aquaculture. 224:159–168. LINK
Littell RC, Lewis AJ, Henry PR (1995) Statistical evaluation of bioavailability assays. In Ammerman CB, Baker DH, Lewis AJ (eds): Bioavailability of Nutrients for Animals. Academic Press, New York. LINK
Lovell T (1998a). Bioavailability of nutrients. In Lovell T (ed): Nutrition and Feeding of Fish. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, MA, pp. 109–14. LINK
Lovell T (1998b). Dietary requirements. In Lovell T (ed): Nutrition and Feeding of Fish. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, MA, pp. 13–70. LINK
Lovell T (1998c) Digestion and metabolism. In Lovell T (ed): Nutrition and Feeding of Fish. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, MA, pp. 71–94. LINK
Lovell T (1998d) Feeding tilapias. In Lovell T (ed): Nutrition and Feeding of Fish. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, MA, pp. 215–225. LINK
Lovell T (1998e) Fish nutrition and feeding experiments. In Lovell T (ed): Nutrition and Feeding of Fish. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, MA, pp. 123–134. LINK
Lovell T (1998f) Nonnutrient diet components. In Lovell T (ed): Nutrition and Feeding of Fish. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, MA, pp. 95–107. LINK
Lovell T (1998g) Nutrition and Feeding of Fish. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, MA. LINK
Lovell T (1998h). Nutrition and fish health. In Lovell T (ed): Nutrition and Feeding of Fish. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, MA, pp. 115–122. LINK
Lygren B, Hamre K, Waagb. R (1999) Effects of dietary pro- and antioxidants on some protective mechanisms and health parameters in Atlantic salmon. J Aquat Anim Health. 11:211–221. LINK
Martino RC, Cyrino JEP, Portz L, Trugo LC (2005) Performance, carcass composition and nutrient utilization of surubim Pseudoplatystoma coruscans (Agassiz) fed diets with varying carbohydrate and lipid levels. Aquacult Nutr. 11:131–137. LINK
Meilgaard MC, Civille GV, Carr BT (1999) Sensory Evaluation Techniques, 3rd ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Meyer FP (1991) Aquaculture disease and health management. J Anim Sci. 69:4201–4208. LINK
Morris, CA, Haynes KC, Keeton JT, Gatlin DM (1995) Fish oil dietary effects on fatty acid composition and flavor of channel catfish. J Food Sci. 60:1125–1127. LINK
Nordrum S, Krogdahl ., R.sj. C, Olli JJ, Holm H (2000) Effects of methionine, cysteine and medium chain triglycerides on nutrient digestibility, absorption of amino acids along the intestinal tract and nutrient retention in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) under pair-feeding regime. Aquaculture. 186:341–360.
Nordrum S, Olli JJ, R.sj. C, Holm H, Krogdahl . (2003) Effects of graded levels of medium chain triglycerides and cysteine on growth, digestive processes and nutrient utilization in sea water reared Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar, L.) under ad libitum feeding regime. Aquacult Nutr. 9:263–274. LINK
NRC (National Research Council) (1993) Nutrient Requirements of Fish. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. LINK
Olivia-Teles A, Pereira JP, Gouveia A, Gomes E (1998) Utilization of diets supplemented with microbial phytase by seabass (Dicentrachus labrax) juveniles. Aquat Living Resour. 11:255–259. LINK
Olsen RE, Henderson RJ, Ring. E (1998) The digestion and selective absorption of dietary fatty acids in arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus. Aquacult Nutr. 4:13–21. LINK
Overturf K, Raboy V, Cheng ZJ, Hardy RW (2003) Mineral availability from barley low phytic acid grains in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) diets. Aquacult Nutr. 9:239–246. LINK
Papatryphon E, Soares JH Jr (2001) The effect of phytase on apparent digestibility of four practical plant feedstuffs fed to striped bass, Morone saxatilis. Aquacult Nutr. 7:161–167. LINK
Paripatananont T, Lovell RT (1995) Chelated zinc reduces the dietary requirement of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. Aquaculture. 133:73–82. LINK
Riche M, Brown PB (1996) Availability of phosphorus from feedstuffs fed to rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquaculture. 142:269–282. LINK
Robb D (2004) Reduction of undesirable substances in aquaculture feeds. EU-Workshop, March 9, 2004, Brussels, Belgium.
Roberts RJ (2002) Nutritional pathology. In Halver JE, Hardy RW (eds): Fish Nutrition. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 454–505.
Robinson EH (1998) Feeding channel catfish. In Lovell T (ed): Nutrition and Feeding of Fish. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, MA, pp. 153–174. LINK
Robinson EH, Li MH (2002) Channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. In Webster CD, Lim CE (eds): Nutrient Requirements and Feeding of Finfish for Aquaculture. CABI Publishing, New York, pp. 293–318. LINK
Rodehutscord M, Pfeffer E (1995) Effects of supplemental microbial phytase on phosphorus digestibility and utilization in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Water Sci Technol. 31:143–147. LINK
Rumsey GL, Hughes SG, Winfree RA (1993) Chemical and nutritional evaluation of soya protein preparations as primary nitrogen sources for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Anim Feed Sci Technol. 40:135–151.LINK
Ruohonen K, Kettunen J (2004) Effective experimental designs for optimizing fish feeds. Aquacult Nutr. 10:145–151. LINK
Rust MB (2002) Nutritional physiology. In Halver JE, Hardy RW (eds): Fish Nutrition. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 368–453.
Ruyter B, R.sj. C, Einen O, Thomassen MS (2000) Essential fatty acids in Atlantic salmon: Effects of increasing dietary doses of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids on growth, survival and fatty acid composition of liver, blood and carcass. Aquacult Nutr. 6:119–127. LINK
Sajjadi M, Carter CG (2004) Effect of phytic acid and phytase on feed intake, growth, digestibility and trypsin activity in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar, L.). Aquacult Nutr. 10:135–142. LINK
Sales J, Britz PJ, Viljoen J (2003) Dietary phosphorus leaching and apparent phosphorus digestibility from different inorganic phosphorus sources for South African abalone (Haliotis midae L.). Aquacult Nutr. 9:169–174. LINK
Sargent JR, Tocher DR, Bell JG (2002) The lipids. In Halver JE, Hardy RW (eds): Fish Nutrition. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 182–259.
Satpathy BB, Mukherjee D, Ray AK (2003) Effects of dietary protein and lipid levels on growth, feed conversion and body composition in rohu, Labeo rohita (Hamilton), fingerlings. Aquacult Nutr. 9:17–24. LINK
Seaweb (2004) Aquaculture trends and developments. Available from: LINK.
Shearer KD (2000) Experimental design, statistical analysis and modelling of dietary nutrient requirement studies for fish: A critical review. Aquacult Nutr. 6:91–102. LINK
Shiau S-Y (2002) Tilapia, Oreochromis spp. In Webster CD, Lim CE (eds): Nutrient Requirements and Feeding of Finfish for Aquaculture. CABI Publishing, New York, pp. 273–292. LINK
Smith RR (1971) A method for determination of digestibility and metabolizable energy of feedstuffs for finfish. Prog Fish Cult. 33:132–134.
Smith RR (1976) Metabolizable energy of feedstuffs for trout. Feedstuffs. 48:16–21.
Smith RR (1989) Nutritional Energetics. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
Solberg C (2004) Influence of dietary oil content on the growth and chemical composition of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Aquacult Nutr. 10:31–37. LINK
Spinelli J, Houle CR, Wekell JC (1983) The effect of phytase on the growth of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) fed purified diets containing varying quantities of calcium and magnesium. Aquaculture. 30:71–83. LINK
Stone H, Sidel JL (2004) Sensory Evaluation Practices, 3rd ed. Food Science and Technology, International Series. Academic Press, New York. LINK
Storebakken T (2002) Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. In Webster CD, Lim CE (eds): Nutrient Requirements and Feeding of Finfish for Aquaculture. CABI Publishing, New York, pp. 79 -102. LINK
Storebakken T, Kvien IS, Shearer KD, Grisdale-Helland B, Helland SJ, Berge GM (1998a) The apparent digestibility of diets containing fish meal, soybean meal or bacterial meal fed to Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): Evaluation of different faecal collection methods. Aquaculture. 169:195–210. LINK
Storebakken T, Shearer KD, Roem AJ (1998b) Availability of protein, phosphorus and other elements in fish meal, soy-protein concentrate and phytase-treated soy-protein-concentrate-based diets to Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. Aquaculture. 161:365–379. LINK
Sugiura SH, Gabaudan J, Dong FM, Hardy RW (2001) Dietary microbial phytase supplementation and the utilization of phosphorus, trace minerals and protein by rainbow trout [Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)] fed soybean meal-based diets. Aquacult Res. 32: 583–592. LINK
Torrissen OJ (1986) Pigmentation of salmonids – a comparison of astaxanthin and canthaxanthin as pigment sources for rainbow trout. Aquaculture 53:271–278. LINK
Torrissen OJ, Christiansen R (1995) Requirements for carotenoids in fish diets. J Appl Icthyol. 11:225-230. LINK
Torstensen BE, Fr.yland L, Lie . (2004) Replacing dietary fish oil with increasing levels of rapeseed oil and olive oil – effects on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) tissue and lipoprotein lipid composition and lipogenic enzyme activities. Aquacult Nutr. 10:175–192. LINK
Torstensen BE, Lie O, Hamre K (2001) A factorial experimental design for investigation of effects of dietary lipid content and pro- and antioxidants on lipid composition in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) tissues and lipoproteins. Aquacult Nutr. 7:265–276. LINK
Van Weerd JH, Khalaf KHA, Aartsen FJ, Tijssen PAT (1999) Balance trials with African catfish Clarias gariepinus fed phytase-treated soybean meal-based diets. Aquacult Nutr. 5:135–142. LINK
Vandenberg GW, de la Noue J (2001) Apparent digestibility comparison in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) assessed using three methods of faeces collection and three digestibility markers. Aquacult Nutr. 7:237–245. LINK
Ward DA, Carter CG, Townsend AT (2005) The use of yttrium oxide and the effect of faecal collection timing for determining the apparent digestibility of minerals and trace elements in Atlantic salmon (Salmon salar, L.) feeds. Aquacult Nutr. 11:49–59. LINK
Webster CD (1998) Feeding hybrid striped bass. In Lovell T (ed): Nutrition and Feeding of Fish. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, MA, pp. 199–214. LINK
Webster CD (2002) Hybrid striped bass. In Webster CD, Lim CE (eds): Nutrient Requirements and Feeding of Finfish for Aquaculture. CABI Publishing, New York, pp. 327–343. LINK
Webster CD, Lim CE (2002a) Introduction to fish nutrition. In Webster CD, Lim CE (eds): Nutrient Requirements and Feeding of Finfish for Aquaculture. CABI Publishing, New York, pp. 1–27. LINK
Webster CD, Lim CE (2002b) Nutrient Requirements and Feeding of Finfish for Aquaculture. CABI Publishing, New York. LINK
Wilson RP (2002) Amino acids and proteins. In Halver JE, Hardy RW (eds): Fish Nutrition. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 144–181.
Wilson RP, Poe WE (1985) Apparent digestibility of protein and energy in feed ingredients for channel catfish. Prog Fish Cult. 47:154–158.
Chapter 17: Statistical Analysis and Interpretation of Results
Aaron DK, Hays VW (2001) Statistical techniques for the design and analysis of swine nutrition experiments. In Lewis AJ, Southern LL (eds): Swine Nutrition. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 881–902. LINK
Benjamini, Y, Hochberg Y (1995) Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. J Royal Stat Soc B. 57:289–300. LINK
Berndtson WE (1991) A simple and reliable method for selecting or assessing the number of replicates for animal experiments. J Anim Sci. 69:67–76. LINK
Carmer SG, Walker VM (1985) Pairwise multiple comparisons of treatment means in agronomic research. J Agron Educ. 14:19–26. LINK
Cochran WG, Cox GM (1957) Experimental Designs, 2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Damon RA Jr, Harvey WR (1987) Experimental Design, ANOVA and Regression. Harper & Row, New York.
Gill JL (1978a) Design and Analysis of Experiments in the Animal and Medical Sciences, vol. 1. Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA.
Gill JL (1978b) Design and Analysis of Experiments in the Animal and Medical Sciences, vol. 2. Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA.
Hinkelmann K, Kempthorne O (1994) Introduction to Experimental Design, vol. I of Design and Analysis of Experiments. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
ILSI (2003) Best practices for the conduct of animal studies to evaluate crops genetically modified for input traits. International Life Sciences Institute, Washington DC. Available from: LINK
Lentner M, Bishop T (1993) Experimental Design and Analysis, 2nd ed. Valley Book Co., Blacksburg, VA.
Montgomery DC (2001) Design and Analysis of Experiments. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Morris TR (1999) Experimental Design and Analysis in Animal Sciences. CABI Publishing, New York.
Snedecor GW, Cochran WG (1980) Statistical Methods, 7th ed. Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA.
Steel RGD, Torrie JH (1980) Principles and Procedures of Statistics: A Biomedical Approach, 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Tempelman RJ (2004) Experimental design and statistical methods for classical and bioequivalence hypothesis testing with an application to dairy nutrition studies. J Anim Sci. 82:E162–E172. LINK